Khilaafada Islaamka
khilaafada islaamka afka carabiga; الخلافة إلاسلامية, waa Nadaam xukun oo islaamka qabo, kaas oo umada islaamka ay hal dawlad oo shareecada ku dhaqanto hoos timaado[1], Hogaamiyaha dawladaas waxaa loogu yeeraa khaliif (kii badalay) maxaa yeealay wuxuu badalay booskii Nabi muxamad scw ee ahaa hogaaminta muslimiinta، dhaqan galinta shareecada iyo faafinta dacwada Islaamka.
Afarta Khulafo Raashidiinta
wax ka badal|
Khulafo Raashidiin |
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Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 8 Juune 632 – 23 Ogosto 634 (27 bilood)
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 23 Ogosto 634 C.D – 03 Nofember 644 C.D
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 644 C.D ilaa 656 C.D
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 656 C.D ilaa 661 C.D
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| Dhamaan Khulafada
Khulafo Raashidiin (632-661) Khulafadii Umawiyiinta (661-750) Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta (750-1258) Khulafadii Cusmaaniyiinta (1517-1924) |
Khulafo Raashidiin (Af Ingiriis : Rashidun Caliphates; (sidoo kale loo yaaqaano: Rashidiinta, Afarta Khulafo) waa afartii asxaabi ee ku xigtey Nebi Muxamed (n.n.k.h) maamulka iyo hogaanka dawladii Islaamka, kuwaasi oo kala ah:
- Abu Bakr Sadiiq - ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ
- Cumar (Cumar bin Khataab) - ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ
- Cusmaan binu Cafaan - ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ iyo
- Cali (Cali binu abi Dalib) - ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ
Ereyga Khaliif (Caliph; ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ) waa khaliifyadii hogaaminayay maamulka diinta Islaamka.
Khulafo al-Rashiidiintu waa afarta asxaabi ee hogaanka iyo talada maamulka Dawladda Islaamka la waday Nebi Muxamed SCW intii uu noolaa isla markaana gacanta ku dhigay ayagoo iskaga dambeeyay hogaaminta dowladii Islaamka. Wakhtigii Khulafo al Raashidiinta Dawladda Islaamku aad ayay u balaadhatay waxayna gaadhay meelo badan oo ka mid ah Bariga Dhexe, galbeedka qaarada Yurub, waqooyiga Afrika, bariga fog iyo wadano aad u badan oo kale.
Wakhtigani maamulka Dawladda Islaamka ee Afarta Khulafo wuxuu bilaabmey 8dii Juune sanadkii 632 C.D; wuxuuna dhamaadaa 28 Luuliyo sanadkii 661 C.D taasi oo ku beegan goortii la dilay Cali binu Abi Dalib ee xilka iyo hogaanka Dawladda Islaamka uu la wareegay Mucaawiya binu Abi Sufyaan. Intii Afarta Khulafo talada Dawladda Islaamka hayeen waxay qabsadeen dhu aad u baaxad weynt taasi oo lagu qiyaaso 9,000,000 km² (sagaal milyan mitir laba-laaban) (3,474,919 sq mi). Tirada dadka ku hoos jirey maamulka iyo hogaanka Khulafo al-Raashidiinta waxaa lagu sheegaa 40,300,000 (qiyaas dhan 40 milyan oo qof).
Abu Bakar Sadiiq
wax ka badalAbu Bakr/أبو بكر الصديق | ||
| Ku xigihii Rasuulka (Khalifat-ul-Rasūl) | ||
_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.svg) | ||
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| Maamulka Hogaanka | ||
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Xaasaska
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| Tafiir= Siddiqui | ||
Abu Bakr Abu Bakr Sadiiq (ingiriis: Abu Bakr; carabi: أبو بكر الصديق; magaca dhamaystiran Cabdullah ibn Abi Quhafa "عبد الله بن أبي قحافة") dhashay Oktoobar 573 C.D magaalada Makka ee dhulka Carabta, isla markaana dhintey 23 Ogosto 634 C.D, waa saaxiibka koowaad ee [[Nebi Muxamed] SCW], hogaamiyihii labaad ee Dawladda Islaamka, asxaabi ka mid ah Kulafo Raashidiinta iyo mid ka mid ah asxaabta rasuulka CS.[2][3][4]
Abu Bakr wuxuu ahaa hogaamiye sare ee maamulka Dawladda Islaamka intii uu Nebigu SCW noolaa iyo markii uu geeriyoodayba.[5] Sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa sodoga iyo saaxiibka koowaad ee [[Nebi Muxamed] SCW] (n.n.k.h). Abu Bakr[6] waxa uu hogaanka iyo talada Khulafada Rashiidiinta hayay ka soo biloow 632–634 C.D markaasi oo uu noqday hogaamihii kowaad Muslimiinta iyo khaliifyada ka dib markii Nebi Maxamed geeriyooday.[7]
Abu Bakr waxaa loo yaqaaney Al-Siddiq (run sheege)[8] sababtoo ah wuxuu ahaa ninkii ugu horeeyay ee rumeeya Nebiga iyo qofkii labaad ee ugu hor rumeeyay diinta Islaamka, waxa ka horeeyay xaaskii Nebiga waa Khaddiijo
Xidhiidhka Nebiga & Abuu Bakr
wax ka badalMarka laga yimaado saaxiibnimada nebiga, Abu Bakr wuxuu ahaa sodoga Nebi Muxamed. Sanadkii 623 C.D ayaa Abu Bakr al-Sadiiq gabadhiisa Caisha u aroosiyay nebiga (wakhtigaasi oo Caisha ay jirtey 9 sano); midani waxay sii adkeeysay xidhiidhka iyo isku-xidhnaanta labadooda.[9][8] Intii nebigu noolaa, Abu Bakr sadiiq wuxuu ahaa saaxiibka iyo la-taliyaha kowaad ee Nebi Muxamed asagoo kala qeyb galay arimo aad u badan.
Hogaanka Abu Bakr
wax ka badal
Goortii nebigu SCW u hijroonayay magaalada Madina Abu Bakr wuxuu ahaa qofka kali ah ee rasuulka SCW la galay safarkaasi. Wuxuuna ka garab dagaalamay Nebi Muxamed SCW qaswado aad u badan ooy ka mid yihiin Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada,[10] qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk.[11] Dagaaladani wuxuu Abu Bakr ku kharash gareeyay in badan oo dhaqaalihiisa ka mid ah.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goortii [[Nebi Muxamed] SCW ] geeriyooday waxaa khulafo Raashidiintu si waafaqsan dardaarankii nebiga isla garteen in Abu Bakr lagu wareejiyo hogaanka iyo talada maamulka dowladii Islaamka. Wakhtigani waxaa dhacday khilaaf aad u wayn oo dad badan ayaa diinta Islaamka dib uga noqdey maadaama nebigii SCW waxyigu ku soo dagayay geeriyooday. Abu Bakr sadiiq wuxuu hogaanka Dawladda Islaamka hayay labo sano iyo xoogaa (27 bilood) taasi oo uu isku duba ridey maamulka Dawladdaasi.[12]
Cumar bin Khadaab
wax ka badal|
Khulafo Raashidiin |
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Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 8 Juune 632 – 23 Ogosto 634 (27 bilood)
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 23 Ogosto 634 C.D – 03 Nofember 644 C.D
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 644 C.D ilaa 656 C.D
Wakhtiga Hogaanka: 656 C.D ilaa 661 C.D
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| Dhamaan Khulafada
Khulafo Raashidiin (632-661) Khulafadii Umawiyiinta (661-750) Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta (750-1258) Khulafadii Cusmaaniyiinta (1517-1924) |
Cumar Amiir al-Mu'miniin (ingiriis: 'Umar; carabi: ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ; magaca dhamaystiran Cumar ibn Al-Khattab "ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ") dhashay 579 C.D magaalada Makka ee dhulka Carabta, isla markaana dhintey 03 Nofember 644 C.D (26 Dulhijjah 23 Hijri), wuxuu ahaa saaxiibka labaad ee Nebi Muxamed, hogaamiyihii sadexaad ee Dawladda Islaamka, asxaabi ka mid ah Kulafo Raashidiinta iyo mid ka mid ah asxaabta rasuulka.[13][14][4]
Xidhiidhka Cumar & Nebiga
wax ka badalCumar bin Khattab wuxuu ahaa hogaamiyihii ugu awooda badnaa khulafo al-Raashidiinta kaasi oo meel sare kaga jirey maamulka Dawladda Islaamka intii uu Nebigu noolaa iyo markii uu geeriyoodayba.[15]
Hogaamintii Cumar
wax ka badal
23 Ogosto 634 ka dib markuu dhintey Abu Bakr ayuu hogaanka iyo talada kala wareegay hogaamiyehii kowaad ee Khulafada Rashiidiinta waa Abu Bakr oo talada hayay ka soo biloow 632–634 C.D.[7]
Intii nebigu noolaa, Cumar bin Khattab wuxuu ahaa saaxiibka iyo la-taliyaha labaad ee Nebi Muxamed asagoo kala qeyb galay arimo aad u badan. Wuxuuna ka garab dagaalamay Nebi Muxamed qaswado aad u badan ooy ka mid yihiin Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada,[16] qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk.[17] Dagaaladani wuxuu Abu Bakr ku kharash gareeyay in badan oo dhaqaalihiisa ka mid ah.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goortii Nebi Muxamed geeriyooday waxaa khulafo Raashidiintu si waafaqsan dardaarankii nebiga isla garteen in Abu Bakr lagu wareejiyo hogaanka iyo talada maamulka dowladii Islaamka.
Cusmaan Bin Caffan
wax ka badalCusmaan bin Caffan ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ Imaam Muslimiin ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ  Khaliif Rashiid Cusmaan bin Caffan (ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ)  | ||
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Magaca dhamaystiran: Cusmaan bin Caffan - (ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ) | ||
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Hogaanka ka horeeyay: Cumar bin Khattab | ||
| Qoyska
Aabe: Caffan ibn Abu al-As
( ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ)
( ﺃﻡ ﺃﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺒﺮﻯ)
( ﺃﻡ ﺃﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ) | ||
Cusmaan Cusmaan binu Caffan (ingiriis: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān; carabi: ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ; magaca dhamaystiran Cusmaan ibn Caffan "ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ") dhashay 577 C.D magaalada Daa'if ee dhulka Carabta, isla markaana dhintey 20 June 656 C.D (18kii Dulhijjah 35 Hijrada ka dib), wuxuu ahaa saaxiibka sadexaad ee Nebi Muxamed, hogaamiyihii afaraad ee Dawladda Islaamka, asxaabi ka mid ah Kulafo Raashidiinta iyo mid ka mid ah asxaabta rasuulka.[18][19][4]
Dhalashaddii & Islaamidii Cusmaan
wax ka badalCusmaan binu Caffan wuxuu ka dhashay qabiilka Ummayad ee reer Makka kuwaasi oo ahaa reer awood badan oo ka tirsan beel-weynta Quraysh. Cusmaan wuxuu ahaa hogaamiye ka mid ah khulafo al-Raashidiinta kaasi oo talada iyo hogaanka maamulka Dawladda Islaamka la wareegay asagoo ah 65 jir, ka dib markii uu Cumar bin Khattab dhintey.[20]
Hogaamintii Cusmaan
wax ka badal Wakhtigii uu hogaanka maamulka Dawladda Islaamka hayay Cusmaan wuxuu gaadhsiiyay heer aad u sareeysa isla markaana uu qabsaday dhul aad u badan ooy ka mid yihiin boqortooyadii Beershiya (dhulka maanta loo yaqaano Iiraan), meelo ka mid ah Khorasan (deegaanada maanta lagu magacaabo wadanka Afghanistan) iyo meelo badan oo ka mid ah bariga Yurub.[7]
Intii nebigu noolaa, Cusmaan bin Caffan wuxuu ahaa saaxiibka iyo la-taliyaha sadexaad ee Nebi Muxamed asagoo kala qeyb galay arimo aad u badan. Wuxuuna ka garab dagaalamay Nebi Muxamed qaswado aad u badan ooy ka mid yihiin Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada,[21] qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk.[22] Dagaaladani wuxuu Abu Bakr ku kharash gareeyay in badan oo dhaqaalihiisa ka mid ah.
Cali Bin Abi Dalib
wax ka badalCali Cali binu Abi Dalib (ingiriis: Alī ibn Abī Tālib; carabi: ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ; magaca dhamaystiran Cali ibn Abi Daalib "ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ") dhashay 13kii Rajab 22 H.K Sebtembar 20, 601 Kacbada, Makka ee dhulka Carabta, isla markaana dhintey 21kii Ramadaān 40 H.K ≈ Janaayo 27, 661 C.D Masjid Kufa, Kufa, Ciraaq, wuxuu ahaa ina adeerka iyo wiilka sodoga u yahay Nebi Muxamed, hogaamiyihii shanaad ee Dawladda Islaamka, asxaabi ka mid ah Kulafo Raashidiinta iyo mid ka mid ah asxaabta rasuulka.[23][24][4]
Cali binu abi Daalib wuxuu ka wiilkii ugu da'da yaraa ee aqbala diinta Islaamka kaasi oo dadka raacsan Sunnigu u yaqaanaan Khaliifkii Afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta; sidoo kale dadka raacsan Shiicada waxay u aqoonsan yihiin Imaamkii kowaad iyo kan xaqa u leh ee ku xiga Nebi Muxamed. Cali wuxuu ahaa hogaamiye ka mid ah khulafo al-Raashidiinta kaasi oo talada iyo hogaanka maamulka Dawladda Islaamka la wareegay nin yar, ka dib markii uu Cusmaan bin Caffan dhintey.[25][7]
Khilafaadii Umawiyiinta
wax ka badal
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Khulafadii Umawiyiinta (ingiriis: Umayyad Caliphate; carabi: ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ama ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ) waa waa dowladii Islaamka ee maamulka kala wareegtay Afarta Khulafo taasi oo uu aasaasay Khaliifka 5aad ee ku xigay Khulafo Raashidiinta. Boqortooyada Dawladdani waxaa sameeyay asxaabiga weyn ee Mucaawiya wakhti ka dambeeysay dhimashaddii Nebi Muxamed (c.s.w).[32] Boqortooyada waxaa aasaasey Mucawiya (af-carabi: ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ, ama ʾUmawiyyūn, sidoo kale ﺑﻨﻮ ﺃﻣﻴﺔ, Banū ʾUmayya) taasi oo saldhig u ahayd magaalada barakeysan ee Makka.[33] Ka dib maamulkii Cusmaan binu Cafaan (644–656), waxaa hogaanka dowladii Islaamka la wareegay Mucawiya binu Sufyaan oo si xoog ah ku qabsaday maamulka isla markaana ka dhigay hogaanka Islaamiyiinta mid dhaxaltooyo ah. Mucawiya wuxuu wakhti dheer masuul ka ahaa gobolada dalka Suuriya, markuu la wareegay maamulka dowladii Islaamkana wuxuu magaalo madax ka dhigtey caasimada Dimishiq.[34]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wakhtigii Umawiyiintu haysay hogaanka boqortooyadii Islaamka waxay gaadhsiiyeen dhul aad u balaadhan ayagoo qabsadey waqooyiga Afrika, dhamaan deegaanada Bariga dhexe, meelo ka mid ah Aasiyada kore ilaa meelo badan oo koonfurta Yurub ah sida wadanada Isbayn, Giriig iyo gasiiradaha u dhow.[35] Markey Dawladda Umawiyiintu mareysay meeshii ugu sareeysay waxay heeysatay dhul aad u balaadhan oo dhan 5.79 mayl labalaaban (15,000,000 km2), taasi oo ah boqortooyadii ugu balaadhneyd ee dunidu aragto iyo mida shanaad ee ugu weyn waligeed.
Mucaawiye bin abii sufyaan
wax ka badal
Mucaawiya (ingiriis: Muawiyah I; carabi: معاوية ابن أبي سفيان, loogu dhawaaqo: Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān; 602 – April 29 or May 1, 680) waa asxaabiga dhisay boqortooyadii Umawiyiinta[36] ee ku xigtey maamulkii Khulafada ee Dawladda Islaamka.[37] Sidoo kale, wuxuu ahaa ninkii labaad ee khaliif noqda kaas oo ka soo jeeda qabiilka Umawiyiinta.[38]
Wakhtigii uu noolaa Nebi Muxamed (n.n.k.h) Mucaawiya wuxuu xoghaye[39] u ahaa nebiga, taas oo xataa markuu dhintey uu jagadaasi u sii hayay khulafadii la wareegtay hogaanka dowladii Islaamka sida Abu Bakar iyo Cumar (Cumar bin Khataab).[40] Intaas waxaa dheer, Mucaawiya wuxuu ka qayb galay dagaalo badan iyo qaswado xoog leh, waxaana tusaale fiican inoo ah dagaalkii lagu furtey Suuriya ee lagaga guuleystay boqortooyadii Baaysantiin, deegaankaasi oo markii dambe lagu wareejiyay hogaanka Mucaawiya.[41] Waxa DiYaariyey Suldaan sudaysi cumar
Khulaafadii Cabaasiyiinta
wax ka badalKhulafadii Cusmaaniyiinta
wax ka badalQoraalo La Mid Ah
wax ka badalXigasho
wax ka badal- ↑ نظام الحكم في الإسلام (الخلافة )، الألوكة الثقافية، نشر في 10 نوفمبر 2014، دخل في 18 يناير 2016. Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Abu Bakr Sadiiq"
- ↑ "ingiriis: Abu Bakr; carabi: أبو بكر الصديق; magaca dhamaystiran Cabdullah ibn Abi Quhafa "عبد الله بن أبي قحافة""
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 [1], from islam4theworld
- ↑ "hogaamiye sare ee maamulka Dawladda Islaamka"
- ↑ "sodoga iyo saaxiibka koowaad ee [[Nebi Muxamed] SCW]"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 [2], from Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Juan Eduardo Campo, "Encyclopedia of Islam", Infobase Publishing, 2009 [3]
- ↑ Shahid Ashraf, "Encyclopaedia of Holy Prophet and Companions", Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2004, ISBN 81-261-1940-3 [4] Archived Jannaayo 3, 2014 // Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada"
- ↑ "qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk"
- ↑ "Abu Bakr sadiiq wuxuu hogaanka Dawladda Islaamka hayay labo sano iyo xoogaa (27 bilood) taasi oo uu isku duba ridey maamulka Dawladdaasi"
- ↑ "Cumar bin Khatab"
- ↑ "ingiriis: 'Umar; carabi: ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ; magaca dhamaystiran Cumar ibn Al-Khattab "ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ""
- ↑ "hogaamiye sare ee maamulka Dawladda Islaamka"
- ↑ "Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada"
- ↑ "qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk"
- ↑ "Cusmaan bin Caffan"
- ↑ "ingiriis: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān; carabi: ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ; magaca dhamaystiran Cusmaan ibn Caffan "ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎﻥ""
- ↑ "hogaamiye sare ee maamulka Dawladda Islaamka"
- ↑ "Dagaalkii Beder, Dagaalkii Uxud, Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada"
- ↑ "qabsashaddii magaalada Makka, Dagaalkii Kheybar, Dagaalkii Xunayn, go'doomintii Daa'if iyo Dagaalkii Tabuk"
- ↑ "Cali bin Dalib"
- ↑ "ingiriis: "Alī ibn Abī Tālib; carabi: ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ; magaca dhamaystiran Cali ibn Abi Daalib "ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ""
- ↑ "hogaamiye sare ee maamulka Dawladda Islaamka"
- ↑ The Peoples, Sekene Mody Cissoko, History of Humanity:From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, Vol. IV, ed. M.A. Al-Bakhit, L. Bazin and S.M. Cissoko, (UNESCO, 2008), 1190.[5]
- ↑ Jonathan Miran, Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa, (Indiana University Press, 2009), 100.[6]
- ↑ Khalid Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads, (SUNY Press, 1994), 286.[7]
- ↑ Khalid Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads, 147.[8]
- ↑ Stefan Goodwin, Africas Legacies Of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 85.[9]
- ↑ Islam in Somali History:Fact and Fiction, Mohamed Haji Muktar, The Invention of Somalia, ed. Ali Jimale Ahmed, (The Red Sea Press, Inc., 1995), 3.[10]
- ↑ "(ingiriis: Umayyad Caliphate; carabi: ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ama ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ)"
- ↑ "labaad ee maamuladii afarta khulafo Islaamka ee la sameeyay dhimashaddii Nebi Muxamed (c.s.w)"
- ↑ "Mucawiya wuxuu wakhti dheer masuul ka ahaa gobolada dalka Suuriya"
- ↑ "Aasiyada kore ilaa meelo badan oo koonfurta Yurub ah sida wadanada Isbayn, Giriig"
- ↑ . Books.google.ca http://books.google.ca/books?id=EmN8tCx_jR4C&pg=PA10&dq=first+Umayyad+Caliph&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ekTzUJO1M8G9rQGyuICADg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=first%20Umayyad%20Caliph&f=false. Soo qaatay 2013-04-30. Maqan ama ebar
|title=(caawin) - ↑ The Umayyad Dynasty Archived Juun 20, 2013 // Wayback Machine at the University 0f Calgary
- ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk), Vol. 18 Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah 40 A.H., 661 A.D.-60 A.H., 680 A.D. (Michael G. Morony).
- ↑ Sahih Muslim, The book of (Virtues of the companions), narration no. [6409]:168-(2501) numbered by mohammad fo'ad abdul-baqi
- ↑ AD 2036 Is the End: The Truth about the Second Coming of Christ and the meaning of life, p. 77. By Christian Jacobsen [11]
- ↑ A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48 and Page 52-53
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