Wikipedia

Meere

(Waxaa laga soo toosiyay Dunida)
Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Meereyaasha guud ahaan. Bogag kale fiiri Koon iyo Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay.

Meere (Af Ingiriis : Planet; Af Carabi : ar‎) waa dhul ama duni ka sameysan dhagaxaan, caro iyo hawo oo ku wareegta xidig ama qorax.

MercuryVenus
EarthMars
JupiterSaturn
UranusNeptune
Sideeda Meere ee Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay
Dusaa, Waxaraxir, Dhul, iyo Farraare
Cirjeex iyo Raage (Neefo Waawayn)
Uraano iyo Docay (Baraf Waawayn)

Waxay u muuqdaan sida uga fog yihiin Qoraxda iyo midabkooda saxda ah, iyio xajmiga (ma ahan miisanka).

Meereyaasha iyo xajmigooda. Labada ugu sareeya: Uraano (Uranus) iyo Docay (Neptune); Sadexda dhexe: Dhulka, xidiga Sirius B iyo Waxaraxir (Venus); Qeybta hoose: Dusaa (Mercury) iyo Farraare (Mars); Ugu hooseeya: Dayaxa, Meereyasha yar-yar Buluuto (Pluto) iyo Haumea.
Muuqaalka Meereha aan ku noolnahay ee Dhulka.
Muuqaalka Meereha Farraare ama Mars.
Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan
1
Dusaa
☿		 2
Waxaraxir
♀		 3
Dhulka
🜨		 4
Farraare
♂		 5
Cirjeex
♃		 6
Raage
♄		 7
Uraano
♅		 8
Docay
♆

Sida Cilmi Fallagu sheego waxa jira in ka badan balaayiin meereyaal Koonkan eeynu ku noolnahay. Meerayaasha waxaa guud ahaan loo qeeyniyaa labo: mid xajmi wayn oo cufkiisu yar yahay kana samaysan hawooyin iyo mid xajmi yar oo cufkiisu wayn yahay kana samaysan oogo dhagaxaan ah.

Iyadoo la tix raacayo qeexida hay'ada Cilmi Fallaga ee dunida IAU (Midowga Cilmiga Xidigaha), waxa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsan yahay ineey jiraan 8 meere Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu ama (Solar System).[1]

Sideedaas Meere waxay kala yihiin Dusaa (Mercury) oo Qorraxda ugu dhow, Waxaraxir (Venus), Dhulka iyo meeraha Farraare (Mars).

Meerayaasha waawayn ee neefta ka samaysan; Cirjeex (Jupiter), Raage (Saturn), Uraano (Uranus) iyo meeraha Docay (Neptune).

Ka dib waa meerayaasha xajmiga waaweeyn ee ka samaysan hawada iyo boodhka ee Cirjeex (Jupiter), Raage (Saturn), Uraano (Uranus) iyo meeraha Docay (Neptune).

Sidoo kale waxaa jira meerayaal yar-yar oo dhamaantood baraf, hawo iyo xoogaa caro ah ka sameysan waxaana ka mid ah meeraha yar ee Bluto (Pluto) oo waqtiyadii hore loo aqoonsanaan jirey in uu ka mid yahay Bahda Midaysay Qorraxdu.[2]

Meerayaashu weey kala xajmi duwan yihiin oo kala cimilo duwan yihiin. Meerayaasha qaar, sida Dusaa ama Venus aad ayuu u kulul yahay maadaama qoraxda aad ugu dhow yahay. Halka meerayaasha qaar leeyihiin dayaxyaal aad u faro badan, sida meeraha Raage ama Saturn wuxuu leeyahay 32 dayax oo ku wareega meerahaasi.

Taariikhda Cilmi Falaga

Dadku waxay waligoodba jeclaayeen ineey fahmaan isla markaana ogaadaan in duunyooyin kale oo sida dhulka ah jiraan. Shan meere (qorraxda, dayaxa, dusaa, waxaraxir, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage) oo isha lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo tobanaan qarni[3] ka hor, kuwaas oo saamayn ku lahaa dadkii wakhigaas noolaa.

Wakhtiyadii hore dadka xidigyahanada ahaa waxay aqoon u lahaayeen sida iftiino gaar ahi cirka u dhex maraan, xidigaha qaar wakhtiyada ay soo baxaan, kuwaas ooy u isticmaali jireen ineey ku safraan oogada dhulka iyo badaha waawayn dhexdooda. Ilbaxnimooyinkii hore, sida Giriiga, Shiinaha, Baabiloon (Babylon) iyo kuwo kaleba waxay aaminsanaayeen in dhulku badhtan u yahay dhamaan koonka.[4]

Reer binu Israa'iil waxay rumaysteen in dhulku wareegsan yahay iyo adduunku waxba kama laalaado. Kitaabka quduska wuxuu yiri, Ayuub qaybta lix iyo labaatan aayadda toddoba waxaa ku qoran inuu dhulka ka laalaado wax aan waxba ahayn. Markay dadka badidiis rumaysteen in dhulku fidsan yahay, Kitaabka Quduuska ah wuxuu sheegay inuu wareegsan yahay. — Ishacyaah 40:22.[5][6].[7]

Baabiloon

Ilbaxnimadii ugu horeeysay ee yeelata aqoon iyo fahan meerayaasha waxay ahayd Baabiloon[8] (babylon) oo ku dhex taalay Mesobotaamiya wakhtiyadii u dhaxaysay 2'000 sano ilaa 1'000 sano ciise hortiis.[9] Qoraalo duug ah oo ku beegan 700 sano ciise hortii kuwaas oo ka hadhay ilbaxnimadii Baabiloon waxa ku xusan liiska dhowr meere uu ka mid yahay waxaraxir. Sidoo kale waxaa ku qornaa liiska socodka meereyaasha waxaraxir, dusaa, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage; iyo meelaha ay ka iftiimaan wakhtiga habeenkii iyo wakhtiyada la arki karo sanadka.[10]

Giriiga & Romanka

Horaantii ilbaxnimada Giriiga aqoon la mid ah tan Baabiloonta uma aanay lahayn meerayaasha iyo xidigaha. Laakiin qaringii 6aad ilaa qarnigii 5aad ciise hortiis ayaa qabiilada Pythagoras sameeysteen qaacidooyin cusub oo ay ku qeexeen qoraxda, dayaxa, dhulka iyo dhowr meere oo kale oo ku wareegaya dab badhtanka ka ololaya.

Pythagoreansku waxay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horeeyay ee sheegay in xidigta la arko qorax-dhaca (hesperos) iyo tan la arko qorax-soo-baxu (phosphoros) ineey yihiin xidig isku mid ah.[11]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii qarnigii 1aad ciise hortii, ayaa Giriigu horumariyeen xisaabinta meelaha iyo wakhtiyada la filaayo in la arko xidigaha. Taas oo u sahashay ineey ku kala ogaadaan xiliyada, wakhtiyada roobka la filaayo, iyo ineey u adeegsadaan socdaalada safarka.

Hindiya

Qiyaastii sanadkii 499 ciise hortii ayaa xidigisyahan Aryabhata ee wadanka Hindiya[12] sheegay in dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, taasi oo uu ku qeexay in wareega dhulku ka yimaado dhanka galbeed.

Sidoo kale wuxuu aaminsanaa ineey jiraan tiro kale oo meerayaal ah, dhamantoodna ay ku wareegaan shay ka wayn.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ardey baranayay Cilmi Fallaga sanadkii 1500 Nilakantha Somayaji ayaa sii horumariyey qaacidadii Aryabhata, asagoo ku daray in dhulku sameeyo wareeg dheer oo uu ku wareego udub dhexaad, iyo in meerayaasha kala ah Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Farraare, Cirjeex iyo Raage dhamaantood ku wareegaan qorraxda.[13]

Muslimiinta

Horaantii qarnigii 11aad ayaa aqoonta iyo cilmiga dowladii Islaamiyiintu aad u horumarisey fahanka iyo adeegsiga Cilmi Fallaga. Waxaa jirey dugsiyo gaar u ah barashada cimiga xidigaha, kuwaas oo lagu baran jirey wakhtiyada iyo meelahay ay ka soo baxaan xidiguhu isla markaana safarleeydu u isticmaali jireen jiheeye ahaan.

Waxa la sheegaa in badhtamihii qarnigii 12aad xiddigisyahan ibn Bajjah uu sheegay inuu uu arkay labo meere oo waji madoow aadna ugu dhow qorraxda, kuwaas oo uu horaantii qarnigii 13aad uu ku fasirey saynisyahan Qotb al-Din Shirazi ineey ahaayeen meerayaasha Waxaraxir iyo Dusaa.[14] Taasi waxay muujineysaa heerka aqoonta fiican eey Muslimiinta wakhtigaas u lahaayeen cilmiga xidigaha iyo sida ay u isticmaali jireen.

Yurubiyaanka

7da Meere ee Ptolemy
1
Dayax
 		 2
Waxaraxir
 		 3
Dusaa
 		 4
Qoraxda
 		 5
Farraare
 		 6
Cirjeex
 		 7
Raage
 

Horaantii kacaankii sayniska ee qaarada Yurub waxaa la fahmey in meerayaashu yihiin duunyooyin dhisan lehna jidh la mid ah kan dhulka.[15] Aqoonyahanadii Cilmi Fallagu waxay isku keeneen cilmigii xidigaha ee dhamaan dunida ka jirey. Waxay ogaadeen in dayaxa iyo qoraxdu ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha kale, sidaas darteed waxay ku dareen liis ka duwan liiska meerayaasha.

Horaantii qarnigii 17aad waxay heleen in meereyaasha Cirjeex iyo Raage yihiin duni ka wayn dhulka. Tan iyo intii laga gaadhayay qarnigii 19aad fahanka iyo aqoonta xidigaha iyo meerayaashu way isa soo tarayeen.

Qarnigii 19aad & 20aad

Qarnigii 19aad dhexdiisa xiddigisyahanadu waxay ogaadeen in duunyooyinka yaryar, sida Ceres, Pallas iyo Vesta, aanay ahayn meere laakiin ay yihiin duni yar sidaas darteed wax lagu magacaabay Asteroids. Sanadkii 1846dii waxaa la helay meeraha Docay (neptune) kaasi oo lagu daray liiska meerayaasha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horraantii qarnigii 20aad waxaa la helay dunida yar ee Buluuto (pluto) taasi oo wakhtigaas la aaminsanaa ineey ka xajmi weeyn tahay dhulka, waxaana si dhakhso ah loogu aqoonsaday meeraha 9aad.[16]

Qarniga 21aad

Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan
1
Dusaa
 		 2
Waxaraxir
 		 3
Dhulka
 		 4
Farraare
 		 5
Cirjeex
 		 6
Raage
 		 7
Uraano
 		 8
Docay
 


Qarniga 21aad wuxuu ku bilaabmay ayadoo aqoon fiican loo leeyahay meerayaasha, dayaxyada, qoraxda, dunida yar, asteroidska, iyo dhamaan walxaha ku dhex jira Bahda Midaysay Qorraxdu. Sidoo kale, waxaa muran adag ka aloosmay in Buluuto ay ka mid ahaato meerayaasha iyo in loo aqoonsado duni yar. Ugu dambayn sanadkii 2006da waxaa la isla af-gartey in buluuto loo yaqaano duni yar, taasi oo tirada meerayaasha bahda midaysay qorraxda ka dhigeeysa siddeed meere (Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka, Farraare, Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docey).[17]

Dhinaca kale, maadaama teknoolajiyada ilbaxnimada dadku horumartey waxaa la sameeyay teleskoobyo waawayn oo lagu fiirinayo baho qoraxyeedyo kale, galaagsiyo kale iyo dhaamaan xidigaha ku baahsan koonka. Sidoo kale, wakhtigan waxaa la dul tagay dayaxa, dayaxgacmeedyo iyo satelaatyo ayaa hawada loo direy, dayaxgacmeed isagu ismaamulaya ayaa Farraare lagu dejiyay, xidigo badan iyo galaagsiyo badana waa la magacaabay.[18]

Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay

Marka la tixraaco Midowga Caalamiga ee Cilmi Fallaga (International Astronomical Union) oo loo soo gaabiyo (IAU) waxa jira 8 meere iyo 5 duni yar oo la aqoonsan yahay ee Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay. Ayagoo ka sii fogaanaya dhanka Qorraxda meerayaashu waa:

  1.   Dusaa
  2.   Waxaraxir
  3.   Dhulka
  4.   Farraare
  5.   Cirjeex
  6.   Raage
  7.   Uraano
  8.   Docay

Cirjeex waa kan ugu muga wayn leh, in u dhiganta 318 muga dhulka, halka Waxaraxir yahan kan ugu cufka yar, tiro u dhiganta 0.055 muga dhulka.[19]

Dhanka kale, meerayaasha Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay waxaa loo qaybin karaa guutooyin ayadoo lagu saleeynayo walxaha ay ka kooban yihiin:

  • Meere Dhagaxley: waa meerayaasha la midka ah dhulka, kuwaas oo leh jidh ka samaysan dhagaxaan, waxayna kala yihiin: Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka iyo Farraare. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu muga iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay, halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.[20]
  • Neefaha Waawayn: kuwani waa meerayasha inta ugu badan ka samaysan isku dhisyo neefo ah, sida caadiga ahna way ka wayn yihiin meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah, waana: Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docay. Meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu wayn dhamaan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay.
    • Barafley Waawayn, inta u dhexaysa Uraano iyo Docay waxaa jira neefo waawayn oo ka duwan kuwa aan kor ku soo sheegnay sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin miisaan iyo cuf aad uga hooseeya kuwa kale.[21]
  • Duni yar: kuwani waa meerayaal aad u yaryar oo sanadkii 2006da loo aqoonsaday in lagu magacaabo Dwarf Planets, waxaana ka mid ah Ceres, Bluto, Haumea, Makemake iyo Eris.[22]

Qoraxda

 
Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.

Qorraxdu (sun) waa xiddigta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana cufisjiidad ku heeysa dhamaan meerayaasha Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha dhulka.[23] Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada heerkulka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha ileyska muuqda ah.

Caddaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qorraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in dhulka ka jirto nololi.

 
wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.

Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha qoraxda. Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, Hal bilyan[24] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah Hiliyaamta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%.

Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas qoraxda ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi ilayska halista ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto biyaha badaha dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici heerkulka oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO2 oo muhiim u ah nolosha dhirta ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli Kaarbon afar (C4) oo sun ah.[25]

Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo hawada Ogsajiin midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada noolaha oo dhan.

Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida.

Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda.

Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa kul iyo ileys[26] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay.

Qeeybaha Meerayaasha

Sida Cilmi Fallagu sheegay Koonkan eeynu ku nool nahay waxa jira in ka badan bilyan meere, kuwaas oo ku baahsan geesaha Koonka.[27]

Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu oo ah meereyaasha aan si fiican u naqaano waxay ka kooban yihiin 8 meere oo kala ah:

 
Afarta Meere ee ugu dhow Qoraxda: Dusaa, Waxaraxir, Dhulka iyo Farraare
  • Dhulka oo ah dunida aan ku nool nahay iyo
  • Farraare (Mars) oo ah meeraha kali ah ee u qaab-dhismeed dhow dunida aan ku nool nahay.

Waxa jira baaxad weeyn oo u dhexeeysa 4 meere een soo sheegnay iyo inta kale.

 
Xajmiga iyo miisaanka Meerayaasha ka tirsan Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu.

Afarta meere ee ka dambeeya baaxada weeyn ee hawooyinka iyo neefaha iyo dhagaxaanta ah waa meerayaasha xajmiga waaweeyn[28] ee ka samaysan hawada iyo boodhka ee kala ah:

  • Cirjeex (Jupiter) waa meeraha oogu xajmi weeyn Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu,
  • Raage (Saturn) waa meeraha labaad ee oogu xajmi weeyn Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu, wuxuuna leeyahay dariimo wareeg ah oo ku wareegsan, waana meeraha oogu dayaxa badan asagoo leh 32 dayax

Sidoo kale waxaa jira aduunyooyin yar-yar oo dhamaantood baraf, hawo iyo xoogaa caro ah ka samaysan; waxaana ka mid ah:

Meerayaashu weey kala xajmi duwan yihiin oo kala cimilo duwan yihiin. Meerayaasha qaar, sida Dusaa (Mercury) aad ayuu u kulul yahay maadaama qoraxda aad ugu dhow yahay.

Halka meereyaasha qaar leeyihiin dayaxyaal aad u faro badan, sida meeraha Raage ama Saturn wuxuu leeyahay 32 dayax oo ku wareega meerahaasi.[29]

Meeraha dhexe

 
Meerayaasha dhexe. Ka soo biloow bidix ilaa midig:
Dhulka, Farraare, Dusaa iyo Waxaraxir.


Afarta Meere ee u dhow qoraxda, kuwaas oo loo yaqaano Meere Dhagaxley sababtoo ah waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhagaxaan iyo macdano[30] bir ah. Intooda u badan waxay leeyihiin tiro yar oo dayaxaan ah ama maba laha.

Qaabdhismeedka jidhkoodu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay oogo sare oo ka kooban macdanta silikates, iyo biro ay ka mid yihiin aayron iyo nikel kuwaas oo sameeya ubucda dhexe ee meerahaasi.

Dusaa

Meeraha Dusaa (mercury) waa kan ugu dhow qoraxda (masaafo dhan 0.4 AU u jirta qoraxda),[31] iyo kan ugu yar dhamaan meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay asagoo leh 0.55 muga dhulka.[32]
Meerahan Dusaa ma lahan wax dayax ah, waxaana lagu yaqaanaa in uu leeyahay oogo sare oo heerkulkeedu aad u sareeyo isla markaana qani ku ah curiyeyaasha birta sida aayron, nikel iyo salikaytis.[33][34][35]

Waxaraxir

Meeraha Waxaraxir (Venus) waa dunida labaad ee ugu dhow qoraxda (masaafo dhan 0.7 AU u jirta qoraxda),[36] isla markaana waa mid aad ugu xajmi dhow dhulka ayadoo leh 0.815 muga dhulka.
Sidoo kale, si la mid ah dhulka, meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu leeyahay oogo sare oo ka samaysan silikayte iyo ubuc dhexe oo ka kooban birta aayron iyo nikel; iyo waliba cir[37] sare oo hawooyin ku dahaaran tahay.
Meeraha Waxaraxir ma lahan wax dayax ah, aad ayuuna u qalalan yahay - taas macnaheedu waa biyo ma lahan. Intaas waxaa dheer, meerahan waa kan ugu kulul dhamaan meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay ayadoo leh 400 °C (752 °F).[38]

Dhulka

Meeraha Dhulka (earth) waa kan sadexaad ee qoraxda u dhow (masaafo dhan 1 AU u jira qoraxda), kan ugu wayn ee ugu culus meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah. Sidoo kale, waa meeraha kali ah ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji iyo dunida kali ah eey ka jirto nolol[39] inta la ogyahay. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhulku waa meeraha kali ah ee leh biyo dareere ah dhamaan meerayaasha dhexe.
Cirka sare ee dhulku waa mid ka duwan meerayaasha kale, waxaana ku dhex jira 21% ogsajiin[40] bilaash ah, taasi oo taageertay nolosha ka dhex jirta ee xayawaanka iyo dhirta leh.
Meeraha dhulku wuxuu leeyahay hal dayax oo dabiici ah.[41]

Farraare

Meeraha Farraare (mars) waa kan afaraad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 1.5 AU[42] u jira qoraxda), isla mar ahaantaana waa mid waxyar ka yar dhulka ayadoo leh 0.107 muga dhulka. Cirkeedu wuxuu inta u badan ka kooban yahay kaarbon labo ogsaydh iyo cadaadis dhan 6.1 millibars[43] taasi oo u dhiganta 0.6% cadaadiska dhulka.
Foolkaano aad u badan ayaa ka dhaca oogada sare ee Farraare, carada[44] meerahani waa mid cas sababtoo ah waxaa ku badan macdanta aayron ogsaydh aad u daxaleysatey.
Meeraha Farraare wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo dabiici ah, Deimos iyo Phobos.[45]

Meerayaasha Baxsan

 
Kor ka soo biloow ilaa hoos:
Docay, Uraano, Raage iyo Cirjeex
.

Afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan waa meereyaasha Neefaha Waawayn ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay[46] kuwaas oo ah 99% walxaha ku wareega qoraxda. Cirjeex iyo Raage ayaa waxay yihiin tobanaan kun oo jeer miisaanka iyo muga dhulka, waxayna ka samaysan yihiin isku dhisyo haydarojiin iyo hiliyaam. Dhanka kale, Uraano iyo Docay waxay leeyihiin 20 jeer laab muga dhulka waxayna ka samaysan yihiin macdano dhalaali kara oo ka kooban baraf.[47][48]

Cirjeex

Meeraha Cirjeex (Jupiter) waa meeraha shanaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 5.2 AU u jira qoraxda) iyo 318 jeer muga dhulka. Wuxuu ka samaysan yahay meerahani isku dhisyo u badan haydarojiin iyo hiliyaam.
Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu leh tirada ugu badan ee dayax asagoo leh 67 dayax. Afarta ugu wayn Io, Ganymede, Callisto, iyo Europa waxay leeyihiin qaabdhismeed u dhow meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah, sida foolkaanaha iyo gudo kulul.[49] Ganymede oo ah satelaytka ugu wayn Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, ayaa wuxuu ka wayn yahay meeraha Waxaraxir (mercury).

Raage

Meeraha Raage (saturn) waa meeraha lixaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 9.5 AU u jira qoraxda) iyo 95 jeer muga dhulka. Meerahan waxaa lagu yaqaanaa dariimada goobo ee ku wareegsan taasi oo ka samaysan xoogaa baraf iyo saxaro dhagaxaan ah, wuxuuna leeyahay 60% cufka Cirjeex, taasi oo ka dhigaysa meeraha ugu cufka yar dhamaan aduunyooyinka Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay.[50]
Meerahan Raage wuxuu leeyahay tirada labaad ee ugu badan dayaxyada taasi oo ah 62 dayax. Labada dayax ee ugu wayn dayaxyada Raage, Titan iyo Enceladus waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji inkastoo ay ka samaysan yihiin baraf iyo hawo.[51]

Titan oo ah satelite labaad ee ugu wayn wuxuu ka jidh wayn yahay meeraha Waxaraxir.

Uraano

Meeraha Uraano waa kan todobaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 19.2 AU) iyo 14 jeer muga iyo miisaanka dhulka, kaasi oo ah kan ugu fudud dhamaan meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay. Uraano wuxuu leeyahay ubuc dhexe oo ka qaboow badan oogada sare.[52]
Meeraha Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan taasi oo dhan 27 dayax, kuwa ugu waawayni waa Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel iyo Miranda.

Docay

Meeraha Docay (neptune) waa meeraha sideedaad ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay wuxuuna u jiraa qoraxda masaafo dherer dhan 30 AU, wuxuu leeyahay cuf iyo miisaan u dhigma 17 jeer laab cufka dhulka.[53]
Meeraha Docay wuxuu leeyahay 4 dayax oo kan ugu wayn yahay Triton oo leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji firfircoon.[54]

Duni Yar

Waxa jira tiro dhowr ah oo meereyaal yaryar ah kuwaas oo loo yaqaano duniyar waxaana ka mid ah Bluto. Dunida yar ee bluto waxy u jirtaa qoraxda masaafo dherer oo dhan 39 AU waana tan ugu wayn dhowrka duniyar ee la yaqaano, waxaana la helay sanadkii 1930kii ayadoo wakhtigaas laga dhigay meeraha 9aad ee Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay. Ka dib, sanadkii 2006da ayaa laga saaray liiska meerayaasha ayadoo loo aqoonsaday in bluto tahay duniyar.

Qaab Dhismeedka

Nooca Magaca Dhulbadhe
balaca[lower-alpha 1] 		Cufka Meere[lower-alpha 1] Gacanka Wareega (AU) Wakhtiga Wareega
(sanado)[lower-alpha 1] 		Meesha
kaga beegay yahay Qoraxda (°) 		Wareega
eccentricity 		Wareega Xariijintiisa
(maalin) 		Confirmed
Dayaxa Dabiiciga[lower-alpha 2] 		Goobo Meere Cirka
Meere Dhagaxley Waxaraxir 0.382 0.06 0.31–0.47 0.24 3.38 0.206 58.64 0 maya aad u yar
Dusaa 0.949 0.82 0.72 0.62 3.86 0.007 −243.02 0 maya CO2, N2
Dhulka[lower-alpha 3] 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.25 0.017 1.00 1 Maya N2, O2, Ar
Farraare 0.532 0.11 1.52 1.88 5.65 0.093 1.03 2 maya CO2, N2, Ar
Neefaha Waawayn Cirjeex 11.209 317.8 5.20 11.86 6.09 0.048 0.41 67 haa H2, He
Raage 9.449 95.2 9.54 29.46 5.51 0.054 0.43 62 yes H2, He
Uraano 4.007 14.6 19.22 84.01 6.48 0.047 −0.72 27 yes H2, He
Docay 3.883 17.2 30.06 164.8 6.43 0.009 0.67 14 haa H2, He
Duni yar Ceres 0.08 0.000 2 2.5–3.0 4.60 10.59 0.080 0.38 0 maya midna
Bluto 0.18 0.002 2 29.7–49.3 248.09 17.14 0.249 −6.39 5 maya ku meel gaadh
Haumea 0.15×0.12×0.08 0.000 7 35.2–51.5 282.76 28.19 0.189 0.16 2 ? ?
Makemake ~0.12 0.000 7 38.5–53.1 309.88 28.96 0.159 0.32 0 ? ?[lower-alpha 4]
Eris 0.19 0.002 5 37.8–97.6 ~557 44.19 0.442 ~0.3 1 ? ?[lower-alpha 4]

Muuqaalka Guud

Muuqaalka meere waa mid ku xidhan awooda [56] isla markaana keenta awood elektaromangantig isku haysa muuqaalka meere oo ka dhigtay mid goobo ah. Marka xadi go'an oo cuf ah uu ku xidhmo awooda cufisjiidadka oo u soo jiidta badhtanka walaxdaasi taasi ayaa keenta in sheygaasi yeesho qaab wareegsan.[57]

Dhamaan meerayaasha, xidigaha, dhagaxaanta waawayn, dunida yar iyo walxaha kale ee koonka dhex sabeeynaya waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed goobada u dhow, taasi ooy sabab u tahay isku soo jiidashada bu'da dhexe ee shegaas oo cufisjiidadku ku hayo badhtanka.

Samayska Gudaha

Meere kasta wuxuu ku bilaabmay marxalad dareere ah; samayska marka hore, sheeyada miisaanka culus, ee qarada adag leh waxay iskugu tagaan bu'da ama badhtanka ayadoo inta fudud soo marto korka sare isla markaana ku qaboowdo ka dibna adke noqoto. Sidaas darteed, meere kasta waa kala duwan yahay xubnaha ku jira ubucda ama qeybta dhexe.[58]

Dhinaca kale, meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ahi way ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha neefaha waawayn. Kuwa dhagaxleyda ahi waxay leeyihiin qolof adag oo ku dahaadhan iyo ubuc ka samaysan curiyeyaal bir ah sida Aayron, Nikel iyo iskudhisyo Silikoon ah, halka neefaha waawayni ku daboolan tahay daruur hawo iyo adke jilicsan ah.[59]

Wareega Meere

Wareega Sanadle

Sida la isku waafaqay, dhamaan meerayaashu waxay ku wareegaan xidig, taasi oo loo yaqaano wareega sanadle (orbiting). Tusaale ahaan, meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay dhamaantood waxay ku wareegaan qoraxda, jiho la mid ah tan qoraxdu u ged-gedoonto (waa qaab la mid ah habka saacadu u wareegto "clockwise"). Ugu yaraan, hal meere, WASP-17b, oo aad inooga fog ayaa la arkey inuu u wareego jiho ka duwan tan xidigtiisu u gedoonto.[60]

Wakhtiga ay meere ku qaadato inuu dhamaystiro hal wareeg oo uu ku soo duurayo qoraxda waxaa loo yaqaanaa sanad. Hadaba sanadada meerayaashu way kala duwan yihiin taasi oo ku xidhan kolba masaafada iyo fogaanta uu u jiro qoraxda. Meeraha ugu fog masaafada qoraxda ayaa ugu sanad dheer isla markaana ugu socod gaaban sababtoo ah aad ayuu uga dheer yahay cufisjiidadka qoraxdaasi.

Gedgedoonka Meere

Meere kasta wuxuu ku gedgedoomaa (rotate) xariijin udub-dhexaadkiisa ah taasi oon la arki karin. Gedoonkaasi meere oo ka soo bilaabma bari ilaa galbeed ayaa waxay keentaa maalinta iyo habeenka, sababtoo ah iftiinka qoraxda ayaa kolba dhinac ka mid ah meerahaais u muuqda.[61]

Inta u badan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay u soo gedoomaan hab waafaqsan wareega saacada, marka laga reebo meeraha Uraano oo asaga lagu wado in uu u gedoomo jiho lid ku ah wareega saacada. Gedgedoonka meerayaashu way kala duwan tahay, meeraha Dusaa waxay ku qaadataa dhowr saacadood inuu dhamaystiro gedoon xidhan, taasi oo ah habeen iyo maalinta Dusaa; halka meerayaasha waawayn ee neefta ah ay ku qaadato maalmo badan iney sameeyaan hal gedoon oo dhamaystiran.[62]

Cufusjiidadka

Cufka iyo Miisaanka

Tirada Dayax ee Meeraha

 
Dayax/Bil

Dayaxa meere waa duni yar oo ka samaysan dhagaxaan, neef iyo isku dhisyo kale taasi oo ku wareegta meere. Tusaale ahaan, dayaxa meeraha dhulka. Waxaa jira 173[63] dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega dunida yaryar. Meereyaasha Waxaraxir iyo Dusaa ma lahan wax dayax ah, Dhulku wuxuu leeyahay hal dayax, meeraya afaraad Farraare wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo kala ah Fobos (Phobos) iyo Dheymos (Deimos).[64]

Neefaha Waawayn waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood le'eg yihiin xajmiga dayaxa dhulka. Meeraha Cirjeex[65] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax. Waxaa ku xiga meeraha Raage oo leh tirada labaad ee ugu badan dhamaan sideeda meere ee bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo ah 62 dayax. Dhinaca kale, meeraha Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan 27 dayax.[59] Meeraha Docay wuxuu leeyahay 14 dayax.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, duunyooyinka yar qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin dayaxyo yaryar oo ku wareega ayaga. Dunida yar ee Ceres[66] ma lahan wax dayax ah, laakiin dunida yar ee Bluto[67] waxay 5 dayax oo wareega. Sidoo kale, dunida yar ee Haumea waxay leedahay 2 dayax, waxaa iyadna hal dayax leh dunida yar ee Eris.

Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in dayaxyada qaar ay ka jirto nolol, sida dayaxa Titan ee Cirjeex iyo bisha Triton ee meeraha Docay, laakiin lama hubo ineey jirto midaasi.[68]

Dayaxa Dhulka

 
Dayaxa meeraha Dhulka.

Dayaxa dhulku[69] waa kan ugu weeyn[70] dhamaan dayaxyada meereyaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena mowjadaha badaha, taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa 27 maalmood, 7 saacadood iyo 43 daqiiqo in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka.

Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; cufkiisuna waa 2.1958 ×
1010 km3 halka mugiisu yahay 7.3477 ×
1022 kg. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa heerkulkiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K.

Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay iskudhisyo kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan curiyeyaasha kala ah: Argon, Hiliyaam, Sodhiyaam, Botashiyaam, Haydarojiin iyo Raadon.

Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa Dayax Gacmeed Ruushku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda Maraykanka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada Jabaan, Hindiya, Shiinaha iyo Yurub saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa.

Inkasto dayaxu lahayn cir sare oo ka difaaca kulka qoraxda, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay biyo laga heli karo cidhifyada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.[71]

Dayaxa Farraare

Meereha Farraare (Mars) wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo kala ah Fobos (Phobos) iyo Dheymos (Deimos).

Dayaxa Cirjeex

 
dayaxa Io ee meeraha Cirjeex.

Meereha Cirjeex[72] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax.

Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Cirjeex aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah:

Dayaxa Raage

 
dayaxa Titan ee meeraha Raage.

Meereha Raage[73] waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 62 dayax.

Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah:

Dayaxa Uraano

 
dayaxa Titania ee meeraha Uraano.

Meereha Uraano[74] (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan 27 dayax.

Meerahan Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan:

Dayaxa Docay

 
dayaxa Proteus ee meeraha Docay.

Meereha Docay[75] (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay kuwaas oo dhan 14 dayax.

Meerahan Docay wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan:

Meerayaasha Koonka

 
Afarta Meere ee ugu dhow Qoraxda: Dusaa, Waxaraxir, Dhulka iyo Farraare

Aqoonta Aadamaha ee Koonka

Sawiraan ka kooban xubnaha Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu iyo sharaxaada xajmiga Meereyaasha iyo dayaxyadooda.

Qoraxda in ka badan 10,000 oo jeer ayay ka weeyn tahay isla markaana 41 trillion ayay ka mug iyo cuf weeyn tahay dhamaantood.[76]

Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu
 
 
 
 
 
  
Qorax
(Xidig) 		Cirjeex
(meere) 		Raage
(meere) 		Uroono
(meere) 		Docey
(meere) 		Dhul
(meere) 		Waxaraxir
(meere)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farraare
(meere) 		Ganymede
(dayaxa Cirjeex) 		Titan
(dayaxa Raage) 		Dusaa
(meere) 		Callisto
(dayax Cirjeex) 		Io
(dayaxa Cirjeex) 		Dayax
(dayaxa Dhulka)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Europa
(dayaxa Cirjeex) 		Triton
(dayaxa Docey) 		Titania
(dayaxa Uraano) 		Rhea
(dayaxa Raage) 		Oberon
(dayaxa Uroone) 		Iapetus
(dayaxa Raage) 		Umbriel
(dayaxa Uroone)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ariel
(dayaxa Uroone) 		Dione
(dayaxa Raage) 		Tethys
(dayaxa Raage) 		Ceres
(meere yar) 		Vesta
(asteroid) 		Enceladus
(dayaxa Raage) 		Miranda
(dayaxa Uroone)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proteus
(dayaxa Docey) 		Mimas
(dayaxa Raage) 		Hyperion
(dayaxa Raage) 		Phoebe
(dayaxa Raage) 		Janus
(dayaxa Raage) 		Epimetheus
(dayaxa Raage) 		Prometheus
(dayaxa Raage)
This box:

Nolosha Ka Jirta Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay

Ilaa iyo hada inta la ogyahay meeraha kali ah ee nolol ka jirto waa meeraha dhulka. Nolosha meeraha dhulka oo guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) 3.5 bilyan sanno ka hor.

Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo noole ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin Aadamuhu. Ilaha Macdanta iyo habka is-daba-wareega biyaha ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka.

Raadinta Nolol kale

Xigasho

  1. ↑ . International Astronomical Union http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/. Soo qaatay 2009-12-30.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  2. ↑ http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html. Soo qaatay 2008-08-23.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  3. ↑ kale oo sida dhulka ah jiraan. Shan meere (qoraxda, dayaxa, dusaa, waxaraxir, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage) oo isha lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo tobanaan qarni
  4. ↑ Pluto and the Solar System, IAU
  5. ↑ Kitaabka Quduuska ah Iyo Cilmigu May Israacsan Yihiin?
  6. ↑ ”Qorayaasha Kitaabka waxay lahaayeen aqoon cilmiyeed oo ka sii horumarsan aqoonta qarnigooda. Matalan, waayihii hore dad badan waxay aamminsanayeen inuu adduunku kor saarnaa xayawaan, sida maroodi, doofaar ama dibi. Haddaba Kitaabka waxaa ku qoran “dhulkana Ilaahay wuxuu ka laalaadshaa wax aan waxba ahayn.” (Ayuub 26:7) Sidoo kale, si saxan ayuu Kitaabku qaabka adduunka ugu tilmaamay inuu ‘wareegsan’ yahay. (Ishacyaah 40:22) Markay eegaan aqoontan caynkan ah oo waqtigeeda ka horumarsan, dad badan waxay aamminsan yihiin in waxa ugu macquulsan uu yahay inay qorayaasha Kitaabka macluumaadkooda ka heleen xagga Ilaah.”
  7. ↑ Adduunku Waxba Kama Laalaado
  8. ↑ Otto E. Neugebauer, 1945, The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, volume 4, issue 1, 1–38
  9. ↑ Babylonian Observational Astronomy |author=A. Sachs Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society volume 276, issue 1257, May 2, 1974, 43–50, Royal Society of London
  10. ↑ Colin Ronan, Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan, Walker, Astronomy Before the Telescope, 264–265]
  11. ↑ Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog, The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia], Schneider Jean, 16 January 2013]
  12. ↑ J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181214/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html Aryabhata the Elder, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
  13. ↑ K. V. Sarma (1997) "Astronomy in India" in Helaine Selin (editor) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-4066-3, p. 116
  14. ↑ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594, Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System
  15. ↑ John Burnet, Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato, 1950, Macmillan and Co., 7–11
  16. ↑ Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57
  17. ↑ Lyttleton Raymond A., 1936, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system
  18. ↑ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594 Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System
  19. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, planet, n 2007, Note: select the Etymology tab
  20. ↑ Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57, 978-0-684-83252-4
  21. ↑ Lyttleton Raymond A. 1936 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system
  22. ↑ Astronomer Mike Brown Gps.caltech.edu
  23. ↑ Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900
  24. ↑ Hal bilyan sano
  25. ↑ "dhirta iskuna bedeli Kaarbon afar (C4) oo sun ah."
  26. ↑ "kul iyo ileys ah"
  27. ↑ Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers, Ramasubramanian, K. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 26, 11–31 [23–4], 1998
  28. ↑ Raymond A., 1936 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system
  29. ↑ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594 , Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System, issue 2
  30. ↑ dhagaxaan iyo macdano bir
  31. ↑ masaafo dhan 0.4 AU u jirta qoraxda
  32. ↑ Schenk P., Melosh H. J. (1994), Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere, Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1994LPI....25.1203S
  33. ↑ [http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html 2006, Bill Arnett, Mercury, The Nine Planets |url=|accessdate=2006-09-14}}
  34. ↑ Benz, W., Slattery, W. L., Cameron, A. G. W. (1988), Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle, Icarus, v. 74, p. 516–528.]
  35. ↑ Cameron, A. G. W. (1985), The partial volatilization of Mercury, Icarus, v. 64, p. 285–294.
  36. ↑ "masaafo dhan 0.7 AU u jirta qoraxda"
  37. ↑ Mark Alan Bullock, The Stability of Climate on Venus, Southwest Research Institute
  38. ↑ Paul Rincon, Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus, Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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  40. ↑ Anne E. Egger, M.A./M.S. http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=107&l=. Soo qaatay 2006-12-26.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  41. ↑ xayawaanka iyo dhir
  42. ↑ Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes? David Noever NASA Astrobiology Magazine
  43. ↑ Encyclopaedia of the Solar System|editor=Lucy-Ann McFadden et al., Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions, David C. Gatling, Conway Leovy, 301–314, 2007}}
  44. ↑ Kids Mars: A Kid's Eye View, NASA
  45. ↑ A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness, Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna, Astronomical Journa
  46. ↑ Neefaha Waawayn ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay
  47. ↑ "Cirjeex iyo Raage"
  48. ↑ "isku dhisyo haydarojiin iyo hiliyaam"
  49. ↑ Pappalardo, R T. "Nuqul Archive". Waxaa laga kaydiyay the original 2007-09-30. Soo qaatay 2006-01-16.  Barameter aan la aqoon |ciwaan= ignored (caawin)
  50. ↑ "Density of Saturn, Fraser Cain, universetoday.com". La keydiyay asal ahaan 2013-08-09. Soo qaatay 2013-08-09.  Barameter aan la aqoon |ciwaan= ignored (caawin)
  51. ↑ Kargel J. S., Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 67, 101–113, 1994
  52. ↑ 10 Mysteries of the Solar System, Astronomy Now, volume 19, pages 65, 2005
  53. ↑ Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune, Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R, 1990, pages 1737, issue 10, vol. 17, Geophysical Research Letters
  54. ↑ Duxbury, N. S., Brown, R. H. "Nuqul Archive". Waxaa laga kaydiyay the original 2009-04-26. Soo qaatay 2006-01-16.  Barameter aan la aqoon |ciwaan= ignored (caawin)
  55. ↑ Scott S. Sheppard (2013-01-04). Carnegie Institution for Science http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/. Soo qaatay 2013-04-12.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  56. ↑ cufka iyo muga ee ku taxan awooda cufisjiidadka
  57. ↑ . IAU http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/. Soo qaatay 2013-08-01.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
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  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Schneider, Jean (16 January 2013). http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php. Soo qaatay 2013-01-15.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  60. ↑ Lyttleton, Raymond A., 1936, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system
  61. ↑ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, pages 565–594, Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System
  62. ↑ Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57
  63. ↑ 173 dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega dunida yaryar
  64. ↑ Whipple, Fred. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 52 (2): 565–594. Bibcode:1964PNAS...52..565W. PMC 300311 . PMID 16591209. doi:10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300311.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  65. ↑ Cirjeex waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay
  66. ↑ Ceres ma lahan wax dayax ah
  67. ↑ Bluto waxay 5 dayax oo wareega.
  68. ↑ Goldstein, Bernard R. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 28 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:1997JHA....28....1G.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  69. ↑ The Living Planet
  70. ↑ weeyn dhamaan dayaxyada meereyaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay
  71. ↑ Ptolemy's Almagest, Ptolemy, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 1998
  72. ↑ Cirjeex waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax
  73. ↑ Raage waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay
  74. ↑ Uraano (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay
  75. ↑ Docay (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay
  76. ↑ John Burnet Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato, 1950 Macmillan and Co., 7–11


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