Ibn Siinaa
Aqoonyahanada casrigii dahabiga ahaa ee Muslimiita waxaa kamid ah; Ibn-i Sina (Avicenna) wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan cilmi-nafsiyeed, dhakhtar, Faylasoof, iyo saynisyah reer Faaris ah. Waxaana lagu tiriyaa mid kamid ah aqoonyahnada ugu caansan uguna saameynta badan Taariikhda muslimiinta. Waa aabaha ‘’Dhakhaatiirta".
Cilmiga uu ku soo kordhiyey dunida waxaa ka mid ah:
Nidaam cusub oo xitaa aqoonyahanada maanta ay layaabeen ayuu İbnu Sinna xagga iyo caafimaadka uu u isticmaali jiray, Nidaamkiisu afarta; Kow waa isku dayida fahamka Dabeecadda xanuunka asakiisa, Labo Fahamka Sababta keentay, Seddex Fahamka Calaamadihiisa, Afar oo ah tan ugu dambeynsa fahamka daaweyntiisa. Nidaamkan wuxuu ahaa mid aad u horumarsan waqtigiisa, İlaa iyo maanta ayeyna nidaamkani Aqoonyahnadu isticmalaan, Buugg weliba oo caafimaadna waxaa suurtagal ah in aad ku aragto, Calaamadaha cudurka, Sababta, İyo Cudurka Asalkiisa, Qaabkani nidamsan waa silsiladii horumarka ee bilowgii Aqoonta.
Buugaagta cilmiga: In ka badan 450 buugg oo ku saabsan mowduucyo kala duwan ayuu bn-i Sina qoray waxaa kamid ah buugaagtiisa kuwo; Cilmi-nafsiga, Daaweynta cudurada, Cilmiga Falsafada, iyo qaybaha kala duwan ee sayniska. Buuggiisa ugu caansan waa "Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb" (Kitaabka Caafimaadka), Buuggani İbn Sina waxaa lagu tiriyaa manta mid kmid ah buugaagta pharmacologyga ee ugu muhiimsan ee abid la qoro. Waxaa loo terjumay luuqado aad u badan.
Cilmi-nafsiga: Dhanka Cilmi Nafsiguna Ibn-i Sina wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah aqoonyahannadii ugu horreeyay ee cilmigani wax ka qora, Dadkana si nafsi ah u darsa. Waxaa uu xitaa ka qoray cilmi-nafsiga buugg loogu magac daray "Kitab al-Najat" (Kitaabka Badbaadada) = Dadka Nafsi ahaan u xanuunsan kitaab u iftiiminayo qaabka ay ay u badbaadi lahaayeen. Aqoonyahanadii hore ee muslimiinta dhaxalka ugu wayn ee ay ka tageen waa kutubta ay ka qoreen dhinacyada kala duwan ee culuumta, Waxaa ayna aas aas u noqdeen bilowga farsamdo badan, Reer galbeedka ayaanna ugu dambeyn aqoontani oo dhan buuggagta qaatay kolkii muslimiinta hoos u dhac uu ku imaaday, Buuggaata ugu caansan ee İbn Sin ee maanta sidda wayn loo qadariyo waxaa kamid ah kitaabka;
1. Qanuun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine):
Buuggan waa buugga ugu caansan ee Taariikhda cilmiga caafimaadka, Waxaa uu ka hadlaa mowduucyo aad u kala duwan, Cudurada noocyadoodii iyo sidda ay u kala baxaan, Qaabka cudurada loo dhaweeyo iyada oo la isticmalayo daawada dhirta, Asalka Cudurada iyo faham balaaran oo ku saabsan xanuunka, İntaa waxaa dheer waxaa uu ka hadlayaa Anotomyga jirka bani aadamka iyo xubnaha bani aadamka sidda ay u shaqeeyaan, İyo Muhiimada ay leedahay Nafaada. Buugaagtani İbni Sina heerka ay maanta iyo aqoonyahanadii hore ay muhiim u ahaayeen, Waxaa xitaa isticmaalay buuggaagta İbnu Sin Andreas Vesalius Oo maanta loo yaqaano aqoonyahnada ugu muhiimsan ee Anotomyga jirka bani aadamka, Si dadaalkisii uusoo bandhigo buugaagta İbn sina in wax badan ka isticmaalay ayaa la sheegaa, Laakiin waxaa nasiib dara ah in maanta buugaagta jaamacadaha ee Anotomoyga lagu arkio magaca Andreas Vesalius balse aanan lagu xusin magaca İbn Sina. Siddani oo kale William Harvey Oo isaguna maanta loo yaqaano ninkii Daahfuray nidaamka wareega ee jirka, İyo qaabka wadnaha ay dhiiga u bombeeyaan isaguna aqoontani aas aaskeedii İbn Sina ayuu wax badan ka qaatay, Maadama isaga hortii İbn Sina uu wax ka qoray Nidaamka uu jirka bani aadamka uu u shaqeeyo. Buuggaagtani İbn Sina waxaa loo isticmaali qarni badan buugaagta marjaca u ah culuumtani ilaa iyo maanta saameynta buugaagtani İbn sin ama aysan dhamaanin.
2. Kitab al-Shifa (The Book of Healing):
Waa ensikloobaddiyaha cilmiga, Buuggaani waxaa uu ka kooban yahay Jaldiyo mowduucyo aad u kala duwan ayuuna wax kaqoray, Sidda Aqoonta Falaga, Polentologyga (Cilmig Dhirta) qaybaheedii iyo faa’idooyinkeedii, Falsafada iyo Mandiqa, Cilmiga Kimistiriga, İyo Methaphysicska iyo Caafimaadka. Siddaasina buuggani waxaa uu ku noqonyaa buuggaag culuum kala duwan ah oo isku dhex jirto. Buuggaagtani jaamacadaha ugu waaweyn ee dunida ayaa Ardayda wax loogaga dhigaa si takhasuskiisi ay yeelanayaan Asalkisii ay wax uga fahmaan.
İbnu Sina xilligiisi waxaa uu aqoonyahan laamo kala duwan ku takhaqsusay, Dadkuna waxaa uu ku daaweyn jiray dhirta, Xagga falsafaduna İbn Sina fikradihii Faylasoofaradii gariiga aragtiyo kala duwan ee uu dhisay qaab cusub ayuu dunida İslaamka uu keenay, Siddasina muslimiinta fahamkoodii felsefada ayaa kordhay. İbn-i Sina waxaa uu saameyn weyn uu ku yeeshay adduunka oo dhan. İbnu Sina dhanka iyo Physics-kuna Aragtiyooyin kala duwan ayuu ku lahaa, Waxaa sharaxay İftiinka iyo Aragtida;
1. Iftiinka iyo Aragtida:
İbnu Sina waxaa uu aaminsanaa iftiinku in uu yahay maado kaas oo soo gaara ilaa iyo indhaheena kadib ayaa suurtagal ah in qofka uu arko, Aragtida İbn sina aynu wax u aragno waxaa qasab ah bilowgii in İftiinka uu ku dhaco walax kadibne iftiinkaa ku dhacay walaxda marka uu soo gaaro indhaha ayuu qofka uu wax arkayaa, Siddaasina İbn Sina aragtidiisii waxaa ay qayb ka noqotay sharaxaada cilmiga optikalka, Fahamka qaanso raadbayadayada iyo marxaladaha ay ku sameysmaan iyo kala jabka iftiinka. İftiinku waa mid kamid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan dunida physics-ga, Tusaale; Xirashada ookiyaalayaasha, İsticmaalka Microspe-yada si loo arko waxyaabo yaryar ah, İyo aaladaha kale ee casriga hadba aaladahani maskaxda ka dambeysa in lasoo saaro waa fahamka İleyska iyo sidda uu u kala shaqeeyo, Kolka İleyska lakala jebiyo marxalado kala duwan waxaa suurtagal noqoto waxyabo anan muuqanin in ileyska sababtii la arko.
Waxaa kale oo suurtagal noqon karta xaaladaha qaarkood sidda dadka uu dhibayo araga fog si ay wax u arkaan waxaa qasab ah İn ay isticmaalaan ookiyaasha Optiga ee ku dhisan fikrad ah hadba in ileyska qaabka uu indhaha uusoo gaarayo in muurayado kalala isdulsaaray qofka uu xirto, Kolkaasi İftiinka ama shayga uu rabo in qofka uu arko balse ookiyaa la’aan uusan arki karin waxaa sahlan miraayadahani Optiga ee uu xiran yahay in ay iftiinka oo toos ah usoo gudbiyaan kadibne qofka uu wax arko, Asalkaan ookiyaalshani qofka xiran qaabka uu iftiinka u arko iyo dadka aanan ookiyaalka u xirneen isku mid m aha, Ookiyaalyashani Optiga iftiinka si toos ah uma gudbiyaan, Qaab kala qaloocan oo miraayado la isdulsaaray ah ayey qofka iftiinka u gudbiyaan siddani maanta Nimcada Alle waxaa wax ku arka boqolaal milyan qof oo Muraayado xiran. Nidaamkani iftiinka in miraayado la isulsaaray uu ka gudbo kadibne qofka uu arko waxyaabaha ka fog fog waa mid kamid ah horumarada ugu waaweyn ee bani aadamka uu gaaray, Horumaradani waxaa asal ah isku daygii ay aqoonyahanadii muslimiinta ee sharaxaada İleyska.
2. Dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo Miisaanka:
İbni Sina dhanka iyo Dhaqdhaaquna waxaa uu kasoo horjeeday fahmkii Arisdotales ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, Arisdotales waxaa uu aaminsanaa ‘’Walxuhu in ay taagan yihiin, İn ay dhaqdhaqaan walxuhu waxaa ay u baahan yihiin awood banaank ah’’. Si faahfaahsan Arisdotales waxaa uu qabay ‘’Dhagax banaanka iska yaala, Aam shay kasta oo meel yaala, Waa sidda uu yaalo haddii aan la taaban ma dhaqdhaqo’’, Aragtidani waxaa ay muujineysaa fahamkii uu Arisdotales dunida uu ka qabay, Balse İbni Sina bil caksigeed ayuu qabay ‘’Walxuhu waxaa ay ku gudajiraan dhaqdhaaq dabiici ah, Si loo istaajiyo ayaa waxaa ay u baahan yihiin awood bananaanka ah’’. Dhagaxa banaanka yaalo ama shay kasto asal ahaan shaygaa waxaa la moodi kara in uusan dhaqdhaqin balse dhaqdhaaq xowli ah ayuu ku jiraaa, Xaaladaha qaarkoodna waxaa la arki karaa in shayga uu ka dhaqdhaaqay qadar yar booskii uu taagnaa, Tani waa physic-ka casriga ee maanta, Dhamaan waxlxuhu moleculadoodii dhaqdhaaq in ay ku jiraan waa aragti dhaman aqoonyahnadu ay wada qabaan. Kownka oo dhan inta la ogyahay majiraan wax iska fadhiya, Wax weliba ee la abuuray dhaqdhaaq ayey ku jiraaan.
3. Codka
Dhanka iyo codka waxaa uu aaminsanaa İbn Sina mowjad hawada hawada ku faafta, Qofka hadalkiisu asal ahaan (Kownka meel kamid ah ayuu ku kaydsan yahay, Wax ku dhex dhumaya kwonak majiro), Tusaale; Maallin dabeyl ay jirto haddii qof deriskaagii ah saaxibkiisi uu u dhawaqo, Waxaa macquul ah dabeylaha adiga oo qolkaagii ku jiro qofkaa saaxibkisii la hadlay hadalkisii in ay dhagaagaga kuugu keenan, Tani Tijabo fudud ayaa maanta lagu sameyn karaa. Haddaba Kowka oo dhan qofka ficilkiisii, Hadalkisii, Dhaqdhaqiisii, Dhamaantood waa wax hawada ku dhex faafaya, Xagalka aynu ka hadleyno ee codka ahna, Aduunka qaybo kamid ah ayuu codkaa uu ku dhex jiraa.Saynisyahnadaa qaar ayaa ku dooda in ay suurtagal tahay haddii la helo qalab in la dhageysan karo codadka ummadihii hore, Haddaba codka maadama u hawada uu ku faafo, Waxaa uu Alle Qur’aanka kariimka uu ku sheegay suurada Fadhir Aayada 10.aad in Codka wanaagsan Xagga Alle in uu u sare u kaco ‘’Qofki doonayo in uu helo Sharaf, Ha ogaado Sharaf oo dhan Alle xaggisii ayey taala, Alle Xaggiisiin Kelimada Wanaagsan, İyo Camalka Wanaagsan waxaa u sare kaco………..’’ İbn Sina Xilligiisii ayaa waxaa uu dareemay in codka uu hawada ku dhex qasmo, Tanina waa aragti maanta la iskuwada waafaqsanyhay.
4. Maaddada iyo Tamarta:
Dhanka maadada İbn Sina waxaa uu qabay aragti ka horumarsan tii Arisdotales uu qabay, Aqoonyahanadii hore ee gariiga markii ay isku dayee in dunida oo dhan sharaxaad kooban u sameeyaan waxaa usoo baxday in dunida iyo waxa ku dhex jiro oo dhan afar shay uun in ay ka imaadeen Afar curiye oo kala ah; (Dhulka, Biyaha, Hawadu, Dabka +Alxawaac oo ah midka shaanad ee maanta lagu daro), Wax weliba ee ku muuqda oo dhan afartani midkood ayaa asal u ah marka si dhab ah waxa ay ka sameysmeen la fiiriyo, Aragtidani maanta waxaa ardayda loogu dhiga Schoolada, Balse İbn sina xilligiisi waxaa uu qabay fikir taasi ka duwan. Waxaa uu qabay İbn sina fikir ah; Afartani shay qasab ma aha in ay wax weliba ka sameysmaan, Form kala duwan ayey walxuhu ka sameysmi karaan, İbn sina in Aragtidani uu ka horimaado xilligiisii waa fikir iyo aqoon aad u sareysay, Waxa u muuqdaa sidda qof ishaaray elementiyada kala duwan, Ee isku tagadoodii waxluhu ay ka sameysmeen, İsku taga elementiyadu waxaa ay abuuraan Molecul hadba nooc ah, İsku taga elemntiyada Moleculada ka dhex sameysma waxaa kamid ah biyaha aynu cabno, Waa isku taga laba Element o kala duwan, Siddani oo kale ayeyna wax weliba oo inoo muuqdo maadooyin kala duwan ay uga sameymeen.
5. Xiddigiska:
Dhanka falaguna İbn sina waxa uu xisaabiyey dhaqdhaaqa meereyasha iyo Nidaamka qoraxda ay u socoto, Waxaana isticmaalay modelo casri ah, Qorax madobadka iyo Dayax madoobaadka ayuuna sharaxay qaabka ay dhacdooyinkani u dhacaan, Cilmigani falaga muslimiinta waxaa ay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horeeyey ee xitaa qalabyo u sameeyey si ay hawada sare dhaqdhaqa xiddigaha ay ula socdaan.
Gebagebo:
Ugu dambeyntiina cilmigii İbn Sina waxaa qaatay reer Yurub. Qarnigii 12aad, buuggaagtiisa cilmiga caafimaadka waxaa la tarjumay Farta Laatiin-ka, Tanina waxaa ay ka dhigneyd si ay u fahmaan buugaagtani aqoonyanada cilmi-baarayaasha reer Yurub. Cilmigiisuna jaamacadaha Yurub ayaa qarniyo badan ardayda loo dhigi jiray, İlbaxnimda iyo horumrka yurub ee maantana buugaagta Muslimiinat ee casrigiii dahabiga waxaa ay lafdhabar u noqdeen horumarka tecknoloygadeed ee maanta yurub ay haysato, Xita Aqoonyanahada reer Yurub sidda Galilo, Copernicus labadani aqoonyahan oo caanka ku ah in ay sheegeen ‘’İn dhulka uu wareego’’, Waxaa la sheega in ay aqoontani falaga wax badan ka qaateen buuggaagtii İbni Sina. Si kooban Maanta, cilmigii İbn Sina waa loo arkaa kuwo muhiim ah oo si gaar ah loo xifdiyo, Waxaa suurtagal terjumada buugaagtani qaarkood in maktadaha laga helo.
Avicenna ( ابن سینا ) ama Ebu Ali Sînâ [1] ( Faaris : ابوعلی سینا ) ama erayada reer galbeedka Avicenna [2] /ɪˈsɛnə[unsupported input]ˌɑːvɪ-/ ; y. 980 – Juun 1037), [3] Persian [4] polymath oo loo arko mid ka mid ah dhakhaatiirta ugu muhiimsan, [5] cirbixiyeennada, [6] mufakiriinta, [7] qorayaasha, [8] iyo culimada dahabka Da'da Islaamka iyo dhakhtarka loo yaqaan "aabihii hore ee daawada polymeric ". [9]
Wuxuu ku dhashay agagaarka 980 tuulada Efshene oo u dhow Bukhara ( Uzbekistan ) wuxuuna ku dhintay 1037 magaalada Hamadaan ( Iraan ). Waxa uu qoray ku dhawaad 200 oo buug oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah, isaga oo diiradda saaraya daawada iyo falsafada . Avicenna, oo reer galbeedku u yaqaanaan aasaasaha sayniska dhexe ee casriga ah iyo hoggaamiyaha dhakhaatiirta, ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Master of Great". Waxa uu caan ku noqday buuggiisa " El-Kanun fi't-Tıb" (Sharciga Caafimaadka), kaas oo weli ahaa tixraaca ugu muhiimsan ee dhinaca caafimaadka muddo toddoba qarni ah, waxaana buuggan lagu bartay jaamacado kala duwan oo Yurub ah 17-kii. qarniga. Waxaa la baray sida shaqada aasaasiga ah ee sayniska caafimaadka ilaa bartamihii qarnigii. [10] [11]
Ibnu Sina waxa uu cilmiga caafimaadka ka bartay dhakhtar la odhan jiray Kuşyar. Wuxuu qoray ku dhawaad 450 maqaalo oo ku saabsan mowduucyo kala duwan, 240 ka mid ah waa ay jiraan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Qoraallada aan hayno, 150 ka mid ah waxay ku saabsan yihiin falsafada, 40 waxay ku saabsan yihiin daawada. Kuwa ugu caansan ee shuqulladiisa waa Kitabü'ş-Şifa (Buugga bogsiinta), oo ah shaqo aad u dhammaystiran oo daboolaysa falsafada iyo sayniska, iyo El-Kanun fi't-Tıb (Sharciga Caafimaadka). Labadan shaqo waxa lagu baray jaamacadaha dhexe waxayna noqdeen buugaag ku yaal Montpellier iyo Louvain ilaa 1650.
Ibnu Siinaa, oo uu dhalay C/llaahi bin Siinaa, oo ka mid ahaa karraaniyayaashii qasriga Samanid ; Waxa uu casharro ka qaatay aabihii, ka dibna waxa uu ka qaatay caalimkii caanka ahaa ee Natiili iyo fiqigii Xanafiga ee Ismaaciil Al-zaahid. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyay joomatari (gaar ahaan Euclidean geometry), macquulka, fiqhiga, naxwaha, naxwaha, caafimaadka iyo cilmiga dabiiciga ah . Waxa uu falsafada Aristotle iyo metaphysics ku bartay Farabi 's al-Ibane , markii uu bogsiiyey amiirkii Bukhara ee buka (997), waxa uu fursad u helay in uu ka faa'iidaysto maktabadda qasriga. Markii aabbihii dhintay, wuxuu taageero ka helay Abuu Muxammad ee Shiraz ee Gurgan . Waxa kale oo uu ku qoray buugga Sharciga Caafimaadka ee Gürgan . Waxa uu baadhay shuqulladii dhammaan faylasuufyadii Giriiggii hore iyo dabiicad-yaqaannada Anatoliya ee loo yaqaan waqtigiisii.
- ↑ A brief history of medicine: from Hippocrates to gene therapy
- ↑ . 19 Nisan 2016. ISBN 9780691630540 https://web.archive.org/web/20190524093639/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/2761.html. Waxaa laga kaydiyay the original 24 Mayıs 2019. Soo qaatay 12 Ağustos 2018.
In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics.
Hubi qiimaynta taariikhda:|access-date=, |date=, |archive-date=(caawin); Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin) - ↑ Medieval Philosophy. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. ۸۹.ISBN ۹۷۸–۱–۶۱۵۳۰–۲۴۴–۴
- ↑ Kusky, Timothy M.; Cullen, Katherine E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Earth and Space Science, Infobase Publishing. p. 817. ISBN 978-1-4381-2859-7.
- ↑ Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian."
- ↑ A.J. Arberry, "Avicenna on Theology", KAZI PUBN INC, 1995. excerpt: "Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician"
- ↑ Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the messenger: Iran and Philosophy", North Atlantic Books, 1998. pg 74:"Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn sinda, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna"
- ↑ Michael Kort (2004). Central Asian republics. Infobase Publishing. p. 24.
- ↑ Daly, Jonathan (19 Aralık 2013). A&C Black. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4411-1851-6 https://books.google.com/?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Ibn+Sina+Persian+polymath#v=onepage&q=Ibn%20Sina%20Persian%20polymath&f=false. Hubi qiimaynta taariikhda:
|date=(caawin); Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin) - ↑ Cyril Glassé,Huston Smith, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Rowman Altamira, 1 Şub 2003, p. 200. "Persian father and Turkic mother"
- ↑ Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian." A.J. Arberry, "Avicenna on Theology", KAZI PUBN INC, 1995. excerpt: "Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician"[1] Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the messenger: Iran and Philosophy", North Atlantic Books, 1998. pg 74:"Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn sinda, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna"