Wikipedia

Inqilaabkii 1969-kii

Inqilaabkii 1969-kii wuxuu ahaa afgembis 21-kii bishii Oktoobar ee sanadkaa lagu riday dowladdii rayidka ee Soomaaliya. Ciidamadan afgembiyay dowladda, oo la baxay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka, uuna hoggaaminayay Maxammad Siyaad Barre, waxay iyagoo taangiyo iyo gaadiidyo dagaal isticmaalaya, la wareegeen barihii doorka ahaa ee magaalada Muqdisho, rideenna dowladdii uu kusimaha madaxweyne ka ahaa Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxammad Xusseen, uuna ra’iisul wasaareheedu ahaa Maxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal. Afgembiskan militari waa kan taliska dalka gacanta u geliyay keligii taliyihii Siyaad Barre iyo maamulkiisii madaxtakoorka ahaa ee ka jiray dalka illaa 1991-dii.[1]

Sababo marka loo raadinayo waxyaabaha iridda u furay inqilaabkan, waxyaabaha inta badan farta lagu fiiqo waa musuqmaasuqii siyaasadeed ee doorashadii baarlamaanka ee dhacday bishii Maarso 1969-kii, qalbijabka shacabku ka qalbijabay in hannaanka dimoqraadiga ahi uu horumarin karo noloshooda, iyo tartankii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa ee Mareykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeetiga ay ku tartamayeen kasbashada dalalka badnaa ee madaxbannaanida qaatay wixii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee adduunka.[2] Si kastaba, afgembiskanu wuxuu Soomaaliya illaa 1977-dii ka dhigay tu hoosjoogta Midowgii Sofiyeetiga. Afgembiskanu wuxuu ahaa kii koowaad ee hirgala ee ka dhacay dalka Soomaaliya.

Inqilaabkii 1969-kii
Part of Dagaalkii qaboobaa

Iclaankii inqilaabka ee Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka
Date21 October 1969
LocationMuqdisho, Soomaaliya
Result

Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka Guuleystay

Belligerents
Soomaaliya Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya Soomaaliya Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka
Commanders and leaders
Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxammad Xusseen
Maxammad Cigaal		 Maxammad Siyaad Barre
Jaamac Cali Qorsheel
Salaad Gabeyre Kediye
Maxammad Caynaanshe Guleed

Afeef

wax ka badal

1960-kii Dhulkii Taliyaaniga ee Soomaaliya iyo Dhulkii Ingiriiska ee Soomaaliya markii ay midoobeen, waxay la bexeen Soomaaliya. Madaxweynahii koowaad ee jamhuuriyaddan, Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan, wuxuu ra’iisul wasaaraha dowladdan rayidka eh u magacaabay Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, oo ay ka wada tirsanaayeen xisbiga SYL.[3] Dalka ay dowladdanu ka dhaxashay gumeystayaasha ku aan dhammeyn, oo dastuur le’, oo haddana tobaneeyo sano labo hannaan oo kala duwan lagu soo xukumayay ayuu ahaa. Sanadkii koowaad oo madaxbannaanida xallinta siiba labada arrimood ee dambe ayay dowladdu ka shaqeysay. Wayna ku guuleysatay inta badan. Bartamihii Juuniyo 1961-dii afti dastuurka cusub loo qabtay oo ummadda Soomaaliyeed fursad loogu siiyay in ay diidaan ama oggolaadaan dastuurka cusub, boqolkiiba 90% dadkii codeeyay dastuurka ayay ansixintiisa u codeeyeen.[4]

In kasta oo ummadda badankeedu taageertay dastuurkan cusub, haddana ololahii oggolaantaa daran ka horreeyay wuxuu bannaanka soo dhigay siyaasiyiin aanan ka xishoonaynin in ay qabyaaladda u adeegsadaan danahooda gaarka eh ee siyaasadda. Siiba laba siyaasi ayaa si toos eh farta loogu fiiqaa oo lagu eedeeyaa in ay danahooda shakhsi ka horreysiiyeen tan qaranka ee wakhtigan, waana Maxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal iyo Sheikh Cali Jimcaale Baraale.[5] Ololihii labadaan siyaasi ay u ololeeyeen in la diido dastuurka ayaa la sheegaa in inta badan uu sabab u ahaa in deegannada ay ka imaadeen ay noqdaan kuwa fara ku tiriska ahaa ee laga diiday dastuurka cusub.[6]

Qabyaaladda uu ololahan kiciyay wuxuu dhiirregeliyay ciidamo saluugsan oo ka soo jeeda waqooyiga, kuwaa oo 11-kii bishii Diseembar 1961-dii isku dayay in ay billaabaan kacdin la rabay in dalka lagu kala jaro. Ciidamada kicitaankan ka dambeysay waxay xireen taliyeyaashoodii koonfurta ka imaaday iyo kuwii booliiska, waxayna la wareegeen Raadiyow Hargeysa iyagoo sheeganaya in kicitaankooda uu taageersanaa taliyaha Ciidamada Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliya, jeneraal Daa’uud Xirsi Cabdulle. Markay caddaatay in taageerada jeneraalka iska dhaafe, aynan xataa taageero ka heysan ciidamada waqooyiga badankood, kicitaankaan si degdeg eh ayuu ku soo gebagabooday.[7]

Doorashooyinkii koowaad ee baarlamaanka dalka 1964-tii ayaa la qabtay. SYL, oo weli wadatay funaanadda xisbiga dalka xoreeyay, 69 kursi ayay ku guuleysatay, halka 11-ka xisbi ee kale ee doorashadaa ka qeybgalay ay qeybsadeen 54-ta kursi ee kale.[8] Doorashadii ku xigtay, oo dhacday 1967-dii, tan madaxweynaha ayay ahayd. In kastoo ay isku xisbi ahaayeen, haddana tartankaasu wuxuu u dhexeeyay Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan iyo ra’iisul wasaarihiisii koowaad, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke. Sharmaarke ayaana doorashadaa ku guuleystay.[9] Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan, oo qaddarinaya sharafta sanduuqa doorashada ee ummaddu codkooda ku ridday, si nabad eh ayuu jegada uga degay, dhaqankaa dimuqraadiga ehna wuxuu madaxweynahaa ka dhigay kii koowaad ee qaaradda Afrika oo si nabad eh taliska ku wareejiya.[10]

Labo sano kadib doorashadii ugu dambeysa ee baarlamaanka dalka ee hal qof hal cod ayaa la abaabuliyay. Doorashadan, oo dhacday bishii Maarso 1969-kii, waa tii ugu musuqmaasuqa iyo rabshada badnayd ee dalka ka dhacda waagaa.[11] [12] Dhaqankii sanado ka hor billowday ee qabiilladu ku caadeysteen in ay dhistaan xisbiyo iyaga u qaas eh oo tartanka siyaasadda u gala, wuxuu sanadkan u sii gudbay jilibyada iyo jufooyinka, taa oo tiradii xisbiyaasha ee afar sano ka hor joogtay 21 sanadkaan gaarsiisay 64 xisbi.[13]

SYL, oo markaa gacanta ugu jirtay Ciigaal, Sharmaarke iyo wasiirka arrimaha gudaha, Yaasiin Nuur Xassan «Bidde», siday rabto ayay ka yeeshay sharciyada iyo dastuurka dalka si ay u guuleysato. Codbixintu markay dhammaatay, oo ku dhowaad 40-kii qofood ee rabshadada doorashada ku dhintay la duugay, waa la shaaciyay in SYL ay ku guuleysatay 73 kursi.[14] Kuwii markhaati ka noqday fadhigii koowaad ee xubnihii baarlamaankan loo soo doortay se waxay arkeen wax aanan hore meeshaa looga arag: xubnihii xisyibayadii kale oo dhan, marka laga reebo ra’iisul wasaarihii hore Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xusseen, waxay kulli ku biireen xisbiga dalka xukuma.[15] [16] Isbuucyo gudahood, ra’iisul wasaare Cigaal oo xubnahaan cusub u abaalgudaya, tiradii wasiirrada wuxuu kor u qaaday boqolkiiba 75%. Isla markaa wuxuu abuuray 10 jego oo cusub oo wasiirro ku xigeen eh.[17]

Musuqmaasuqan oo maalinba tan ku xigta isla mataaneynayay SYL iyo dowladda dalka, ayaa iridda u ballaqay inqilaabkii 1969-kii.

Inqilaabkii

wax ka badal
Bartamaha Magaalada Muqdisho 1963-dii.

15-kii Oktoobar 1969-kii askari ilaaladiisa ka tirsanaa ayaa magaalada Laas Caanood ku dilay madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, oo booqanayay deegaan ay abaar ka jirtay.[18] Ra’iisul wasaare Cigaal oo Maraykanka ku sugnaa safarkiisa ayuu soo afjaray, dalka ayuuna ku soo laabtay si uu uga qeyb qaato aasitaanka madaxweynaha iyo abaabulidda doorashada madaxweyne cusub.[19] Inta ka horreysay doorashadaa, waxaa kusimaha madaxweyne ee dalka sida dastuurka waafaqsanayd noqday guddoomiyihii golaha baarlamaanka, Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxammad Xusseen.[20]

Madaxweynihii hore 20-kii Oktoobar ayaa la aasay. Isla maalintii ku xigtay saacaddu markay ahayd 03:00 aroornimo ayuu inqilaabku billaabmay.[21] Gaadiidyada dagaalka, sida kaarayaasha iyagoo adeegsanaya ayay saraakiisha la baxay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka iyo ciidamadii ay hoggaaminayeen xireen jidadka, hareereeyeen barihii xarumaha u ahaa hoggaanka siyaasadda dalka, booliiska iyo warfaafinta, qafaasheen taliyayaashii shaqaynayay iyo kuwii shaqada ka fariistay ee dalka, dabadeedna shaaciyeen in ay rideen dowladdii rayidka, lana wareegeen taliska dalka.[22]

Raadiyow Muqdisho maalintaa barnaamijyadiisii caadiga ahaa oo dhan muustikada ciidamada ayaa lagu beddelay.[23] Dad badan oo caasimadda degganaa bannaanka inta u bexeen ayay si farxad leh u soo dhoweeyeen inqilaabka.[24] Markii koowaad ee Raadiyow Muqdisho laga maqlay codka Siyaad Barre, qudbaddii uu soo jeediyay badankeeda wuxuu wakhti siiyay inuu uga warramo dembiyadii dowladdii rayidka.[25] Dowladdaasu se ma wada xumayn, ayuu Barre sheegay, taa oo la moodo inuu ula jeeday in inkasta oo asaga iyo saraakiisha la socotay ay ka wada tirsanaan jireen dowladdii ay rideen, ay iyagu gaar ahaan daahir ka ahaayeen musuqmaasuqii dowladdaa.[26]

Hoggaamiyeyaashii dowladdii hore ee guryahooda laga soo qafaalay waxaa ku jiray madaxweynihii koowaad ee dalka, Aadan Cadde, ra’iisul wasaarihii hore Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xusseen iyo ra’iisul wasaarihii markaa jegada hayay, Maxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal. Hoggaamiyeyaashan oo dhan maxkamad iyadoo aanan la horgeynin ayaa la xiray. Madaxweynihii hore iyo ra’iisul wasaarihii hore lama soo deyn ka hor 1973-dii.[27] Cigaal, oo si gooni eh u xirnaa, lama soo deyn ka hor bartamahii 1970-nadii, markaa oo laga dhigay safiirka xukuumadda Siyaad Barre u fadhiyay dalka Hindiya.

21-kii sano ee ku xigay inqilaabkan dastuurkii qashinka lagu daray iyo Maxkamaddii Sare ee la kala diray, waxaa beddalay erayga Barre iyo hayeeshaaleyaashiisii fadhiyay Maxkamadda Badbaada Qaranka. Hannaankii dimoqraadiga ahaa, ee musuqmaasuqa la liitay, waxaa beddalay diktatooriyad hannaankii hore ka sii musuqmaasuq daran.

1970-kii, hal sano kadib inqilaabkii riday dowladdii rayidka ahayd, wuxuu maamulka cusubi ku dhowaaqay in dalka, oo ay u bixiyeen Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, lagu dhaqi doono hannaanka hantiwadaagga.

Inqilaabkii kadib

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Inqilaabkii 1969-kii kadib wowshii madaxweynaha dalka, baarlamaanka iyo wasiirrada, 25-ka xubnood ee Golahii Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa kala qeybsaday.[28] Golahanu waxay dalka u bixiyeen Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, waxayna iyagoo damacsan in ay ka hortagaan abuurka mucaarad taliskooda ka soo horjeeda, mamnuuceen xisbiyada siyaasadda iyo abaabul kasta oo aanan oggolaanshahooda heysan. Mucaaradkii ay ka baqayeen in uu dibedda uga imaado se gudahooda ayuu ka soo baxay 1972-dii. Sanadkaa waxaa bannaanka imaaday isqabqabsi in soo socday oo Siyaad Barre, Gaashaanle Guuto Maxammad Caynaanshe, iyo Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, oo lagu tilmaami jiray «Aabaha Kacaanka», ay isku heysteen cidda hoggaamineysa golaha iyo dalka. Tartankaan Barre ayaa ku guuleystay. Kediye, Caynaanshe iyo Cabdulqaadir Dheel, oo ahaa sarkaal Kediye u dhowaa oo markaa bannaanka ka joogay ciidamada iyo maamulka, waxaa lagu eedeeyay in ay Siyaad Barre dilkiisa abaabulayeen, waxaana lagu xukumay toogasho. Xukunkaa 1972-dii ayaa la fuliyay.[29]

Siyaad Barre, oo wakhtigaan la baxay “Guulwade”, dantiisa khaaska eheed asagoo sii qurxinaya wuxuu sheegay inaanan dalka lagu maamuli doonin keliya hantiwadaagga, maahine lagu maamuli doono hannaanka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeysan.[30] Hantiwadaagga iyo cilmiga inta badan ee shacabku ma aqoonin waxa uu ka wado. Laakiinse ficilkiisa waa arkeen.

Bartamihii 1970-nadii Barre asagoonan reerguureyaasha ama dhultacbatada la tashan, ayuu go’aamiyay in reerguureyaal badan laga soo raro deegaannada ay ku noolaayeen, lana dejiyo dhul beereed danwadaag lagu tilmaamay oo dhultacbatada lagala wareegay.[31] Dhinaca militariga miisaaniyadda ciidamada looga jaro dakhliga dalka waxay noqotay tan dakhliga ugu badan dhinac loogu dhigo.[32] Iskudarka miisaaniyaddan iyo taageerada militari ee uu maamulku ka heli jiray Midowgii Sofiyeetiga waxay sanado kooban gudahood Ciidamada Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliya garab istaajiyeen itaallada ugu weyn ee qaaradda Afrika. Isla markaa shacabka canshuurtooda militarigaa shidaalka loogu soo gadayay, wiilashooduna qoriga u sideen, waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwa ugu saboolsan, uguna aqoon liita ee qaaradda.[33]

Mid sawir darbiyeedyadii Siyaad Barre, Muqdisho.

Waxyaabaha fara ku tiriska eh ee maamulkii Barre ee wakhtigaa lagu faanin karo waa qoraalka luqadda Soomaaliyeed iyo ololeyaashii abaabulsanaa ee lagu faafiyay barashadiisa. Waxaa kaloo jiray mashruucyo iyo ololooyin kale oo la iskugu dayay in kor loogu qaado wax soo saarka beeraleyda, warshadeynta dalka, xoojinta xuquuqda haweenka Soomaaliyeed iyo kuwo si guud dadka ugu boorrinayay iskaa wax u qabso. Mashruucyadan iyo ololooyinkan mid kasta xayiraadyo la fili karo iyo kuwo aanan la fili karin ayaa ka hor imaaday oo curyaamiyay, ama ugu yaraan socodkoodii garguur ka dhigay.

Lama soo koobi karo sida Dagaalkii Xorraynta Soomaali Galbeed uu u saameeyay taariikhda dalka Soomaaliya iyo dowladdii Siyaad Barre. Dagaalkaas ka hor waxaa jiray howlo faraha hal gacan ka badan oo lagu tilmaami karay kuwo ay ku howlaneed in ay ku horumariso dalka iyo dadka. Laga soo billaabo guuldarradii dagaalkaas illaa markii la riday 1991-kii se waa fara ku tiris waxqabadka dowladdii Barre ee ujeedkeeda oo dhan uunan ahayn in Barre iyo hayeeshaaleyaashiisa ku leexsadaan hantida dalka iyo tan deeqbixiyaasha.

U dhowaanshihii dowladda Barre ay dhammaadkii 1970-nadii u dhowaatay garabka Galbeedka, khaas ahaan dalka Mareykanka, dhaqanka dowladdaa uma beddelin sida u dhowaanshihii Midowgii Sofiyeetiga uu dhaqankeeda u beddelay dhammaadkii 1960-nadii iyo billowgii 1970-nadii. Musuqmaasuqii, isdabamarintii iyo ku fataalidda dakhliga gudaha iyo dibedda ka imaada ee xubnaha dowladda ka tirsanaa, qoysaskooda iyo saaxiibadooda caadada u ahaa 1977-dii ka hor, dhaqan hirgala ayuu noqday. Taa waxaa dheeraa wakhtigaan cabburin, kadaadis iyo bahalnimo aanan hore looga soo arag dalka. Hay’addii sirdoonka ee NSS-ta, ciidamadii koofi gaduudka iyo ciidamadii cirka kulligood wakhtigaan waxay noqdeen kuwo loo adeegsado cabburinta mucaaradka iyo daadista dhiigga ummadda.[34] Islaweynaanta Barre waa tan berigaa gaartay in uu kuwa ugu dhow ee la shaqeeya uu ku ceebeeyo shirarka, uuna su’aalo «Yaa ku abuuray?». Hayeeshaalow kasta «Adigaa i abuuray, aabbe», ayuu ku jawaabi jiray.[35]

Tuhunka in uu Midowgii Sofiyeetiga inqilaabka ku lug lahaa

wax ka badal

In kasta oo caddayn rasmi eh oo aragtidan taageeraysa aanan la soo bandhigin, haddana 1969-kii illaa hadda waxaa jira tuhun inuu dhinto diiday oo lagu aaminsanyahay in Midowgii Sofiyeetiga uu ku lug lahaa inqilaabkii lagu riday dowladdii rayidka.[36] [37] Dulucyada kuwa tuhunkaan uu ku jiro ay ku doodaan waxaa ugu horreeya in Midowga Sofiyeetiga, oo ka damqanayay saldhigga sirdoonka ee Maraykanku ku lahaa Casmara iyo kan taariikhiga ahaa ee saaxiibbadooda Faransiiska ahi ay ku lahaayeen Jabuuti, uu ku howlanaa in uu asaguna saldhig ku yeesho xeebahan istaraatiijiga eh.[38] Saa daraadeed, ayaa la dhahaa, waa macquul in Midowgii Sofiyeetiga, oo madaxbannaanidii wixii ka dambeeyay tababar, gaadiid iyo hub ay xirfadyaqaanno isticmaalkooda bara ay la socdaan ku soo taageeri jiray Ciidamada Xoogga Dalka, uu go’aansaday in uu kuwii uu tababaray uu ku dhiirigeliyay in ay taliska dalka kala wareegaan dowladdii liidatay ee rayidka. Dekedda sababta u ahayd iyo fursadda musuqmaasuqii qaawanaa ee laciifiyay dowladda, waxaa la socotay fursadda saraakiishii uu Sofiyeetigu soo tababaray, oo qaar ka tirsani ay si qarsoodi eh Sofiyeetiga ugu shaqeynayeen.[39]

Wardoone ka tirsanaa Hay’addii Sirdoonka ee Midowgii Sofiyeetiga (KGB) oo billowgii 1990-naadkii dalka Ruusha kala soo baxay 25000 oo bog oo uu ka soo minguuriyay aarkiifiyada hay’adduu u shaqeyn jiray, wuxuu kashifay in Salaad Gabeyre Kediye uu ahaa wardoone u shaqeeya KGB, magaciisa dahsoon na uu ahaa «OPERATOR».[40]  

Tuhunkaan se tuhun ma dhaafsana. Tan keliya ee la hubo waa in hoggaamiyeyaashii inqilaabka ay ka hor afgembiska waxa ay sameyn rabaan u sheegeen saldhigga wardooneyaasha KGB ee Muqdisho. 

Tixraac

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  1. ↑ Susan M. Hassig; Zawiah Abdul Latif (September 2007). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-7614-2082-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=qKp_EuS6ok8C&pg=PA29.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  2. ↑ Vietnam, Now: A reporter returns, pp. 257.
  3. ↑ Africa's first democrats by Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press (2016), pp. 94
  4. ↑ Africa's first democrats by Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press (2016), pp. 100
  5. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  6. ↑ Africa's first democrats by Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press (2016), pp. 100.
  7. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. pp. 110–115. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  8. ↑ https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2019/sept/165561/1964_parliamentary_elections.aspx
  9. ↑ https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somalia-1960-present/
  10. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  11. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  12. ↑ https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2019/oct/165781/march_1969_parliamentary_elections_the_elections_that_paved_the_way_for_the_military_coup_d_%C3%A9tat_in_1969.aspx
  13. ↑ https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2019/oct/165781/march_1969_parliamentary_elections_the_elections_that_paved_the_way_for_the_military_coup_d_%C3%A9tat_in_1969.aspx
  14. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  15. ↑ Socialist Somalia: rhetoric and reality by Samatar, Abdi Ismail, p. 72
  16. ↑ https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2019/oct/165781/march_1969_parliamentary_elections_the_elections_that_paved_the_way_for_the_military_coup_d_%C3%A9tat_in_1969.aspx
  17. ↑ Socialist Somalia: rhetoric and reality by Samatar, Abdi Ismail, p. 72
  18. ↑ TIME.com. 1969-10-24 http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901578,00.html. Soo qaatay 2018-01-22.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin); Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (2017) Who Assassinated the Somali President in October 1969? The Cold War, the Clan Connection, or the Coup d’État, African Security, 10:2, 131-154, DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2017.1305861.
  19. ↑ The Somali Coup of 1969-the case for Soviet complicity by Gary D. Payton, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Sep., 1980), pp. 493-508.
  20. ↑ https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html
  21. ↑ The Suicidal State in Somalia: The rise and fall of the Siad Barre regime 1969-1991 by Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (UPA, 2016), p. 65. ISBN-0761867198.
  22. ↑ The Somali Coup of 1969-the case for Soviet complicity by Gary D. Payton, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Sep., 1980), pp. 502.
  23. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  24. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. p. 204. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  25. ↑ The Suicidal State in Somalia: The rise and fall of the Siad Barre regime 1969-1991 by Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (UPA, 2016), p. 72. ISBN-0761867198.
  26. ↑ The Suicidal State in Somalia: The rise and fall of the Siad Barre regime 1969-1991 by Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (UPA, 2016), p. 72. ISBN-0761867198.
  27. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Indiana University Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 9780253022301.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  28. ↑ J. Tyler Dickovick (14 August 2014). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-1-4758-1238-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=BHpNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  29. ↑ Cabdisalaam M. Ciisa-Salwe. HAAN Publishing. ISBN 978-1-874209-91-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMOAQAAMAAJ.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  30. ↑ The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and fall of Siad Barre regime by Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (UPA, April 2016). pp. 83-84.
  31. ↑ Better off stateless: Somalia before and after collapse. Journal of comparative economics vol 35 (2007). pp. 5
  32. ↑ Socialist Somalia: rhetoric and reality by Samatar, Abdi Ismail, p. 114
  33. ↑ Socialist Somalia: rhetoric and reality by Samatar, Abdi Ismail, p. 114
  34. ↑ UNDP, Human Development Report 2001-Somalia, (New York: 2001), p. 42
  35. ↑ The Suicidal State in Somalia: The rise and fall of the Siad Barre regime 1969-1991 by Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (UPA, 2016), p. 125. ISBN-0761867198.
  36. ↑ Greenfield, Richard (1995-01-03). The Independent https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-mohamed-said-barre-1566452.html. Waxaa laga kaydiyay the original 2022-05-01. Soo qaatay 2018-01-22.  Barameter aan la aqoon |url-status= ignored (caawin); Barameter aan la aqoon |url-access= ignored (caawin); Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)Template:Cbignore
  37. ↑ The Somali Coup of 1969-the case for Soviet complicity by Gary D. Payton, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Sep., 1980), pp. 493-508.
  38. ↑ Mohamed Haji Mukhtar (25 February 2003). Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&pg=PA241.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  39. ↑ Radoslav A. Yordanov (17 March 2016). Lexington Books. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-1-4985-2910-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=nfKeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89.  Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
  40. ↑ Andrew, Christopher M.; Vasili Mitrokhin (2005). The world was going our way: the KGB and the battle for the Third World. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00311-7 (Pg. 448)
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